Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology

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A case report of a peri-implant cyst

Xu Manjun, Liu Chunjie, Sun Licong, Li Hong, Guo Fujun

Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology 2025, 30 (4): 384-387. DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.08.009

Abstract （490）

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This paper reports a case of a peri-implant cyst associated with periapical periodontitis of the adjacent tooth. The patient presented with swelling and pain around the implant at site 47 in the right mandible, and the diagnosis was confirmed by cone beam computed tomography and other examinations. Treatment included removal of the loosened implant at site 47 and curettage of the cystic lesion. Additionally, a partial root resection and lesion curettage were performed on tooth 46. Histopathological examination confirmed an odontogenic cyst with secondary infection. Follow-up showed satisfactory wound healing without complications. Based on an in-depth analysis of this case and a review of the relevant literature, we comprehensively discuss the etiology, clinical features, diagnostic approaches, and prevention and treatment strategies for peri-implant cysts. This report aims to provide valuable insights for oral implant clinicians to enhance understanding, diagnosis, and management of this condition.

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Oral implantology and medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ)

Su Yucheng

Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology 2025, 30 (4): 317-330. DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.08.001

Abstract （461）

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Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) has emerged as a serious complication associated with antiresorptive therapy and anti-angiogenic therapy, and has received increasing attention in recent years.In implant patients, severe MRONJ can lead to devastating consequences for the jawbone, with few effective preventive strategies currently available.Although a substantial body of literature on MRONJ exists, it often lacks systematic organization.Therefore, this review discusses the definition, incidence, etiology and pathogenesis, staging, diagnostic criteria, histopathological manifestations, risk factors, prevention, and treatment strategies for MRONJ. Special emphasis is placed on the risks and management of peri-implant MRONJ (PI-MRONJ). Despite the lack of consensus on many aspects of MRONJ, the objective discussion in this article presents current research progress to clinicians and provide references for the prevention and treatment of MRONJ and PI-MRONJ.

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Advances in barrier membranes for guided bone regeneration in oral applications

Li Guangda, Ding Mingchao, Chang Xin, Jing Boya, Wang Jingfu, Wang Weiqi

Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology 2025, 30 (3): 288-295. DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.06.014

Abstract （436）

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Guided bone regeneration (GBR) has become a standard clinical approach for the treatment of localized jawbone defects. In this process, barrier membranes play an important role by preventing the migration of soft tissue from the mucosal side into the bone defect area, thereby maintaining a secluded space for bone regeneration. The biological properties and clinical performance of different membranes vary depending on their origin, fabrication methods, and structural characteristics. This paper summarizes the biological functions and mechanisms of commonly used barrier membranes in GBR, with a particular focus on the properties of different membrane types. The advantages and limitations of these biomaterials are discussed, along with their clinical applications and potential directions for future material development.

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Research progress on the effect of surface treatment on osseointegration of dental implants

Wang Yingjie, Wang Mengxue, Cao Yu, Xu Ziman, Xu Yuou, Liu Lehua

Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology 2025, 30 (4): 405-411. DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.08.013

Abstract （373）

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Osseointegration of implants is defined as the direct structural and functional connection between a loaded implant and the surrounding ordered bone tissue. This process is complex, involving the interactions among multiple cell types. Osteoblasts adhere to, proliferate on, and differentiate at the implant surface, and through a sequence of biological processes, they facilitate the integration of the implant with the adjacent bone tissue—an event pivotal to osseointegration. Robust osseointegration enhances implant stability, reduces the risk of infection, and thereby increases the success rate of restoration and improving patients’ quality of life. However, studies indicate that diabetes can impede the osseointegration process and lower the implant success rate. To enhance osseointegration in diabetic patients, researchers have developed a variety of novel materials and techniques, including continuous antibacterial materials, biological factor sustained-release materials and surface modification techniques. Among these, implant surface treatment has attracted significant attention due to its ability to improve osseointegration performance while enhancing biocompatibility and antibacterial properties. This article reviews the principles and efficacy of various implant surface treatment methods, such as mechanical treatments, coating technologies, and biomaterial scaffolds.

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Application of tilted implants in rehabilitation of the edentulous maxilla

Guo Houzuo, Di Ping

Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology 2025, 30 (3): 234-242. DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.06.006

Abstract （371）

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Edentulous maxillary patients often face the clinical challenge of insufficient residual bone volume during implant rehabilitation. By optimizing the three-dimensional positioning of implants, the tilted implantation technique maximizes the utilization of existing anatomical bone structures while avoiding the risks associated with bone augmentation procedures, thereby achieving favorable primary stability. Compared to traditional bone grafting protocols, this approach significantly reduces surgical trauma and supports immediate loading, effectively shortening the overall treatment duration. With advancements in oral implantology, tilted implantation has demonstrated significant clinical advantages in the rehabilitation of the edentulous maxilla. This article systematically reviewed the application progress of the tilted implantation technique in maxillary edentulous rehabilitation from the perspectives of clinical indications, surgical protocols, and clinical prognosis.

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A new classification of the edentulous atrophic maxillae based on zygomatic implant surgery and immediate loading protocols

Wu Yiqun, Wang Feng, Tao Baoxin

Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology 2025, 30 (3): 203-208. DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.06.002

Abstract （363）

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Immediate loading in edentulous maxillae remains a clinical focus, particularly challenging in cases with moderate to severe atrophy. While the effectiveness of dental implants for immediate loading of the edentulous maxillae has been increasingly proven, accomplishing this in cases with inadequate bone volume is notably important and presents a significant challenge. Multiple methods have been proposed to achieve feasibility and safety for immediate loading of edentulous jaws, however, they can neither meet the complex situations of various clinical cases nor provide clear guidance for protocol selection in clinical practice. This article is based on the significant development of zygomatic implant surgery in recent years and proposes a new classification of the edentulous maxillae based on zygomatic implant surgery and corresponding immediate loading protocols. The classification and immediate loading protocols are as follows: 1. The bone volume in the bilateral second premolar area (5-5) is sufficient, and at least four conventional dental implants, including tilted implants, can be placed without bone augmentation to achieve immediate loading; 2. The bone volume in the first premolar area (4-4) on both sides is sufficient, and at least two conventional dental implants can be inserted without bone grafting. Immediate loading can be achieved by combining 2-4 conventional dental implants in the anterior area with zygomatic implants in both posterior regions; 3. There is insufficient bone volume in the second premolar area (5-5) on both sides, while the bone volume in the molar areas is sufficient, and at least one conventional dental implant can be placed on each molar side. Zygomatic implants are used in the anterior area on both sides, and conventional implants are used in the posterior areas to achieve immediate loading;4. Insufficient volume is observed in the full maxilla (7-7). Immediate loading can be achieved by quad zygomatic implant surgery. This classification and the corresponding immediate loading protocols aim to cover various complex clinical scenarios of edentulous maxillae, providing a reference and indication for the selection of immediate loading plans for these patients.

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Application of short implants in the edentulous maxilla

Zhou Yanmin, Luo Jiaxin

Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology 2025, 30 (3): 209-216. DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.06.003

Abstract （338）

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Patients with edentulous maxillae often face the challenge of insufficient bone height due to factors such as alveolar bone resorption and maxillary sinus pneumatization, making it difficult for traditional implants to achieve adequate primary stability. Short implants (typically less than 8 mm in length) have emerged as an innovative solution for addressing insufficient bone volume and have shown great potential in the field of maxillary implant rehabilitation for edentulous patients in recent years. This article reviews the clinical applications of short implants in edentulous maxillae, including primary stability requirements, influencing factors, and prosthetic superstructure design considerations.

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In vivo experiment of repairing mandibular first molar with different thread implants under immediate load in Beagle dogs

Li Xinru, Cao Zepeng, Liu Yibo, Han Zekui, Zhou Libo

Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology 2025, 30 (3): 255-261. DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.06.009

Abstract （336）

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Objective To investigate the effect of two kinds of implants with different thread designs on the biological distribution of the implant and the bone interface surrounding the mandibular molar area under immediate load. Methods Beagle dogs were employed for the immediate implantation and immediate loading model. The accuracy, implant stability quotient (ISQ), and osseointegration of the two implants were evaluated by histological analysis, and the stability and osseointegration of the two implants were evaluated in vivo. Results There were no significant differences in total error of implant point, total error of apical point, and angle error between conical cylindrical implants and double-threaded conical cylindrical implants (P>0.05). There was no significant difference in ISQ values of the two types of implants in all directions 3 months after operation (P>0.05). Histological observation at 3 months after surgery showed that conical cylindrical implants' BIC and BV/TV values were significantly lower than those of double-threaded conical cylindrical implants (P<0.05). Conclusion The double-threaded cone-column design of double-threaded conical cylindrical implants has higher initial stability and bone binding rate during immediate implantation and immediate loading, suggesting that double-threaded conical cylindrical implants should be given priority when immediate implantation and immediate loading in the molar area.

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Long-term outcomes of maxillary sinus health after zygomatic implant treatment:a 16-year follow-up study

Zhou Guohui

Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology 2025, 30 (3): 217-223. DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.06.004

Abstract （334）

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Objective Maxillary sinusitis is the most common biological complication in zygomatic implant therapy, and the surgical technique and the pathway of zygomatic implants have long been considered closely associated with the occurrence of maxillary sinusitis. Although the exact pathogenic causes of maxillary sinusitis following zygomatic implant treatment remain unclear, clinicians continue to explore different surgical approaches to reduce the risk of maxillary sinusitis. The authors of this paper first introduced a zygomatic implant surgery combined with maxillary sinus floor elevation in 2010. Methods This study aims to investigate the long-term outcomes of maxillary sinus health in patients who underwent bilateral zygomatic implant treatment from 2007 to 2008, with a minimum follow-up period of 16 years. Results A total of 16 patients were included in the study, of whom 13 could be contacted. Only one patient presented with a history of recurrent maxillary sinusitis affecting the left side. Six patients agreed to undergo updated cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) examinations. Another asymptomatic patient presented with sinus opacity, and two more patients presented with radiological signs of maxillary sinus membrane thickening. Conclusion Zygomatic implant combined with the sinus floor elevation without bone grafting does not necessarily cause maxillary sinusitis.

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Current status of zygomatic implantation: technological evolution and clinical application

Chen Jingxia, Zhou Yanmin

Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology 2025, 30 (3): 250-254. DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.06.008

Abstract （332）

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Zygomatic implantation, a clinical solution for patients with severe maxillary atrophy, overcomes the limitations of traditional implant procedures and enables the combined retention of maxilla-zygomatic implants. This paper systematically reviews the development of zygomatic implant technology, focusing on its application in the restoration of complex maxillary bone defects, the evolution of indications, and innovative treatment strategies. The purpose is to provide a theoretical basis and clinical support for precision treatment in the field of oral and maxillofacial repair.

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Immediate loading with zygomatic implants for edentulous maxilla with giant maxillary sinus: a case report

Kang Shibo, Ma Yina, Guo Aixia, Gao Peng, Ma Weiping, Cheng Xinghan, Yu Qiong, Zhang Dayong

Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology 2025, 30 (3): 224-233. DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.06.005

Abstract （327）

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In this paper, a patient with severe alveolar bone atrophy in the maxillary posterior region, a giant pneumatized maxillary sinus, and insufficient restoration space underwent zygomatic implantation with immediate loading. Following extraction of the remaining maxillary teeth and occlusal space elevation by 6 mm using a temporary denture, bilateral maxillary zygomatic and inclined implants were placed. Immediate loading was completed 3 days after implant placement, and final restoration was achieved after 6 months. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the patient’s preoperative clinical data, the authors eliminated several alternative surgical approaches and ultimately selected the bilateral zygomatic implantation protocol, which successfully restored the patient's maxillary edentulism. By analyzing this case, the authors synthesized treatment principles and clinical experiences for the diagnosis and management of similar cases, providing valuable insights for addressing comparable implant scenarios.

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Accuracy comparison of freehand, dynamic navigation, and robot-assisted implant placement

Liu Haiyan, Zheng Yuchen, Ding Yude, Yang Fan, Wang Linhong

Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology 2025, 30 (4): 341-348. DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.08.003

Abstract （317）

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Objective To investigate the differences in precision among various techniques in implant surgery by comparing the accuracy of freehand, dynamic navigation-assisted, and robot-assisted implant placement. Methods Patients who underwent implant surgery at Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital between January 2022 and December 2023 were retrospectively analyzed and divided into freehand, dynamic navigation, and robotic groups. Implant accuracy was assessed by comparing preoperative CBCT-designed implant positions with actual postoperative CBCT implant positions. Results A total of 87 cases (96 implants) were included in this study, including 30 cases (31 implants) in the freehand group, 28 cases (36 implants) in the dynamic navigation group, and 29 cases (29 implants) in the robot group. In the robot group, the total deviation at the starting point (0.91±0.46) mm, endpoint (1.05±0.61) mm, and angular deviation (3.07°±1.69°) were significantly lower than those in the freehand group [(1.42±0.86) mm, (2.00±1.18) mm, and 7.78°±3.58°] and the dynamic navigation group [(1.32±0.57) mm, (1.64±0.77) mm, and 4.59°±2.65°]. Conclusion Robot-assisted implantation demonstrates significant advantages in terms of precision when compared to dynamic navigation and freehand implantation.

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Effect of topical minocycline combined with conventional antibiotics on modified plaque index, sICAM-1, and IL-1β in patients with post-implantation infection after dental implant surgery

Tang Mingchao, Zeng Qingxiang, Zhang Xiaoyan

Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology 2025, 30 (4): 363-369. DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.08.006

Abstract （315）

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Objective To explore the effect of topical minocycline combined with conventional antibiotics on modified plaque index and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICMA-1) and interleukin-1β (1L-1β) after localized periodontitis. Methods A prospective study was conducted on 60 patients with localized periodontal disease who underwent dental implant surgery from May 2022 to September 2024. These patients were randomly divided into a control group and an observation group using a random number table method. The control group received routine antibiotics and conventional treatment for localized periodontal disease and dental implant surgery, while the observation group received minocycline hydrochloride ointment in addition to these treatments. The study compared the treatment outcomes, clinical indicators of periodontal soft tissue before and after intervention, and the levels of sICAM-1, IL-1β, matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). Results The total clinical effective rate in the observation group was 93.33%, which was higher than 70.00% in the control group (P<0.05). After intervention, the peri-implant pocket depth, plaque index, peri-implant mucosa index, and clinical attachment loss in both groups decreased (P<0.05), and those in the observation group were lower (P< 0.001). At 3 days, 7 days, and 1 month after intervention, the levels of sICAM-1, IL-1β, and MMP-8 in the peri-implant sulcular fluid of the observation group were lower than those of the control group (P<0.05), while the levels of SOD and GSH-Px in the peri-implant sulcular fluid were higher than those of the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion Minocycline hydrochloride ointment can reduce the oxidative stress response after dental implant surgery in localized periodontitis and improve the inflammatory state of peri-implantation.

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Clinical analysis of screw tenting technology in implant restoration of multiple missing teeth in the anterior esthetic zone

Zhang Chuankai, Zhang Jiayuan, Cui Lingyun, Ye Yihan, Lin Haiyan, Chen Qingsheng

Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology 2025, 30 (4): 349-355. DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.08.004

Abstract （299）

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Objective To use a retrospective clinical approach to analyze the clinical treatment effects of screw tenting technology in implant restoration of consecutively missing teeth in the anterior esthetic zone. Methods A total of 86 patients with consecutive anterior teeth esthetic area defects who were treated at the Implant Center of the West City Branch of Hangzhou Stomatology Hospital from December 2019 to December 2023 were included. They were divided into the experimental group (tenting screw technique + delayed implantation) and the control group (conventional guided bone regeneration technique + immediate implantation), with 43 cases in each group. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging data of patients were collected at the following time points: before bone augmentation, 6 months, and 12 months after bone augmentation, after implant placement, and 1 to 12 months after final restoration. The implant survival rate of the two groups was compared. Based on CBCT digital imaging data, the alveolar bone width at the alveolar ridge crest of the two groups of patients 6 months and 12 months after bone augmentation was measured respectively. Meanwhile, the esthetic status of the implant restorations immediately after restoration, 6 months after restoration, and 12 months after restoration was evaluated using the pink esthetic score, and the differences between the two groups were compared. Results The implant survival rate was 98.21% in the control group and 100.00% in the experimental group. The alveolar bone width at the alveolar ridge crest in the experimental group was higher than that in the control group at 6 months and 12 months after bone augmentation, with values of (7.69±0.42) mm and (7.22±0.40) mm in the experimental group, and (6.53±0.39) mm and (6.20±0.43) mm in the control group (P=0.001). The pink esthetic score (PES) of the experimental group was higher than that of the control group at 6 months and 12 months after the final restoration, with scores of (10.72±1.42) and (9.95±1.34) in the experimental group, and (7.52±1.20) and (7.01±1.15) in the control group (P=0.001). Conclusion The tenting screw technique can effectively ensure the survival rate of implants in the implant restoration of consecutive anterior teeth esthetic area defects. Its implantation effect is comparable to that of the guided bone regeneration (GBR) technique. In the implant restoration cases of consecutive anterior teeth esthetic area defects, the tenting screw technique can achieve better bone augmentation and restoration effects.

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Navigation-assisted digital surgical workflow for zygomatic implant-supported reconstruction of maxillary defects

Su Guanyu, Wang Feng

Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology 2025, 30 (3): 243-249. DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.06.007

Abstract （291）

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Maxillary bone defects severely compromise patients’ abilities to chew, speak, and swallow, and also significantly affect facial aesthetics. Traditional prosthetic rehabilitation and free flap reconstruction present inherent limitations in clinical practice. Zygomatic implant technology, by anchoring implants to the zygomatic bone, offers a novel approach for the functional and structural rehabilitation of maxillary defects. However, this technique involves complex craniofacial anatomical structures and demands high surgical precision and intraoperative stability. The clinical success of zygomatic implants largely depends on accurate preoperative planning and precise surgical execution. In recent years, the integration of digital technologies has greatly enhanced the accuracy and predictability of zygomatic implant surgery. This article systematically reviews the digital surgical workflow for managing maxillary defects with zygomatic implants, including multimodal imaging data acquisition and registration, prosthesis-driven implant planning, and the application of dynamic navigation systems and augmented reality technologies. Additionally, representative clinical cases are presented to illustrate the practical value of these digital technologies in zygomatic implant surgery for maxillary reconstruction. Looking ahead, with the continuous advancement of artificial intelligence and robotic-assisted surgical technologies, the degree of automation and intelligence in zygomatic implant procedures is expected to improve further, thereby promoting more personalized and precise solutions for maxillary defect rehabilitation.

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Influence of different implant collar designs on marginal bone resorption: a Meta-analysis

Wan Ke, Hao Junjiang, Su Hanqi, Su Yucheng

Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology 2025, 30 (3): 275-280. DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.06.012

Abstract （291）

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Objective To systematically evaluate the effect of smooth and rough implant collars on marginal bone resorption. Methods A systematic search was conducted in Embase, PubMed, CNKI, and Wanfang databases from inception to June 2024. Two independent reviewers screened, analyzed, and assessed the relevant literature. Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.4 and Stata 15.0. Results Seven studies, involving 702 implants, were included. The meta-analysis showed that marginal bone resorption in the rough collar group was significantly lower than in the smooth collar group [MD=0.34,95% CI (0.08,0.61),P<0.05]. Subgroup analysis showed that the advantage of the rough collar in preserving marginal bone was more significant when the implant placement duration was less than 12 months. Conclusion Based on the available data, the rough implant collar is more favorable for marginal bone preservation compared to the smooth collar.

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CBCT evaluation of maxillary sinus exostoses in dental implant patients

Wang Yibo, Ding Chao, Zhuang Jiatong

Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology 2025, 30 (3): 269-274. DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.06.011

Abstract （287）

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Objective To retrospectively investigate the parameters of maxillary sinus exostoses (MSEs) in a dental implant potients using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and evaluate its association with age and sex. Methods This study reviewed CBCT scans of the maxillary sinuses from 533 patients who underwent preoperative imaging for implant treatment at our hospital between July 2023 and April 2025. Data on MSE location, size, morphology, symmetry, presence of concurrent mucoperiosteal abnormalities, sinus septa, and demographic variables were collected. Statistical analyses included chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, and one-way ANOVA. Results Among 1,066 maxillary sinuses in 533 patients, MSE was identified in 74 sinuses of 59 patients, with bilateral occurrence in 15 patients (25.4%). Morphologically, 54.1% (40/74) were pearl-shaped, 35.1% (26/74) flat-shaped, and 10.8% (8/74) irregular-shaped. MSEs were predominantly located on the lateral wall (51.4%, 38/74) and sinus floor (43.2%, 32/74), with 5.4% (4/74) on the medial wall. Concurrent mucoperiosteal abnormalities were observed in 54.1% (49/74) of sinuses, sinus septa in 8 sinuses (10.8%), and multiple independent MSEs in 16.2% (12/74) of affected sinuses. The mean MSE size was (7.67±4.86) mm. No significant differences were found in MSE prevalence or location across sex or age groups (P>0.05). Conclusion Most MSEs were solitary, unilateral, and located on the lateral wall or floor of the maxillary sinus without sinus septa. Approximately half were small, pearl-shaped lesions, and mucoperiosteal abnormalities coexisted in nearly half of the affected sinuses. No demographic correlations were observed, but significant variations existed in MSE morphology and size.

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Application of injectable hydrogels in bone tissue regeneration

Yang Yupu, Dong Zheqin, Yu Hongwei, Liu Yu, Wang Xiaohong, Wang Shengmiao, Lan Jing

Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology 2025, 30 (4): 412-420. DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.08.014

Abstract （284）

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With the development of bone tissue engineering technologies, novel biomaterials have gradually become a major research focus in the field of modern bone tissue repair. Injectable hydrogels, due to their excellent biocompatibility, high tunability, and drug-loading capacity, have increasingly emerged as important materials in bone tissue regeneration. This review summarizes the research progress on injectable hydrogels in bone tissue repair, with a particular focus on their application strategies in the field of bone tissue regeneration.

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Occlusal design of implant restorations

Wang Qianchen, Cao Ye, Ge Yanjun

Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology 2025, 30 (4): 399-404. DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.08.012

Abstract （283）

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Dental implant restoration is one of the primary methods for repairing dentition defects and edentulism, and its occlusal design is a critical factor influencing the restoration outcome and the implant success rate. Due to the differences in biomechanical properties between dental implants and natural teeth, the rational distribution of occlusal forces becomes a key issue in implant restoration design. This review begins with the differences between implant prostheses and natural teeth, analyzes the association between occlusal forces and peri-implant bone resorption, as well as mechanical complications, and summarizes the occlusal design principles for different types of implant restorations, aiming to provide references for clinical decision-making.

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Peri-implant diseases based on microdysbiosis and intervention strategies

Chen Gang, Zhao Xin, Zhong Fei, Gu Hongzheng

Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology 2025, 30 (3): 296-304. DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.06.015

Abstract （281）

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Peri-implant disease is a chronic inflammation condition affecting the soft and hard tissues surrounding dental implants, primarily caused by bacterial infection. It is categorized into peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis. Oral microbial dysbiosis plays an important role that is characterized by alterations in microbial composition and function. In linking the pathogenesis of peri-implant diseases to microdysbiosis, current microbiome research faces several challenges: elucidating the molecular mechanisms driving the initiation and persistence of dysregulated microbiome structure, discerning causal host-microbiome relationships, and expounding secondary microbial changes during disease progression. In this review, we systematically classify dysbiosis from a conceptual perspective, outlining its immunological associations across category. We further elaborate on the causes of bacterial dysbiosis and analyze its potential impact on clinical treatment strategies. At the molecular level, understanding the origins, intrinsic regulatory mechanisms, environmental regulatory factors, and downstream effects of oral microdysbiosis may facilitate the development of microbiome-targeted therapies against peri-implant diseases. This research direction holds significant importance for promoting precision medicine in the context of peri-implant diseases.

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Experimental study of GO/ZnO/nHAp composite microspheres in repairing femoral condylar bone defects in rabbits

Zhang Guoliang, Wang Jianguo, Zhang Hongyu, Zhang Shuangsheng, Wu Jiang

Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology 2025, 30 (4): 331-340. DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.08.002

Abstract （279）

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Objective To evaluate the possibility of GO/ZnO/nHAp composite microspheres as bone regeneration materials, a critical bone defect model of the rabbit femoral condyle was established to access bone regeneration in vivo. Methods Composite microspheres were prepared by the ionic gel-drip method, and the prepared GO/ZnO microspheres, nHAp microspheres, and GO/ZnO/nHAp microspheres were implanted into three groups of experimental rabbit femoral condyle standard critical bone defect models, with a blank control group. The animals were killed in batches at 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks after the operation, and the samples were taken completely for evaluation. Gross observation, X-ray film, CBCT detection, qPCR, Western blot, hard histological section, and HE staining of liver and kidney pathology were carried out to explore the osteogenesis and osseointegration of implanted materials. Results At 4 weeks, 8 weeks and 12 weeks after operation, the results of X-ray, CBCT, qPCR and Western blot in the GO/ZnO/nHAp composite microsphere group were significantly better than those in GO/ZnO and nHAp microspheres group at the same time point. The comparison of the experimental results of the qPCR, Western blot and hard tissue section showed that there were statistically significant differences among the three microspheres in promoting bone formation (P<0.05). Conclusion GO/ZnO, nHAp, and GO/ZnO/nHAp all have good biocompatibility and osteogenic activity. GO/ZnO/nHAp composite microspheres can effectively repair the bone defect of rabbit femoral condyle, and their in vivo bone conduction and bone induction properties are superior to GO/ZnO microspheres and nHAp microspheres, which have potential application value in bone defect repair materials.

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Application research of YOLOv5s_CBCT model in measuring alveolar bone height and width in CBCT images of missing teeth

Liu Wenqi, Wei Wenquan, Mo Hongbing, Shen Xiaorong, Zang Yixin

Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology 2025, 30 (5): 429-439. DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.10.002

Abstract （276）

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Objective To explore the measurement value of the artificial intelligence model based on YOLOv5s (YOLOv5s_CBCT) for the height and width of alveolar bone at the location of missing teeth, and to provide a precise quantitative tool for preoperative planning of oral implants. Methods Based on the faster implementation of CSP bottleneck with 2 convolutions (C2f), and large selective kernel (LSK) modules, the C2f_CBCT and LSK_CBCT modules were constructed. Using modules and structures such as space-to-depth (SPD), ghost convolution (GhostConv), C3 with ghost convolution (C3Ghost) and bidirectional feature pyramid network (BiFPN), the YOLOv5s_CBCT model was proposed, and the test images were input into the YOLOv5s_CBCT model after training. The predicted average values of alveolar bone height and width for the four implant areas by the model were respectively obtained and error analysis was conducted. Bidirectional analysis of variance was used to explore the significant factors influencing the measurement results, and Bland-Altman consistency analysis and Tukey test were further adopted to strengthen and improve the conclusions of bidirectional analysis of variance. Results (1) Model comparison experiments showed that the proposed model achieved higher detection accuracy with fewer parameters and lower computational complexity. (2) The maximum average error of alveolar bone height detection in the four implant regions was 0.15 mm, and the minimum was 0.03 mm. The maximum average error of width detection was 0.26 mm, and the minimum was 0.10 mm. (3) The results of the two-way ANOVA indicated that the detection results of alveolar bone height and width were significantly affected by the implant region, but not by the measurement method. (4) Bland-Altman consistency analysis further demonstrated good agreement between manual measurements and model prediction. (5) The Tukey test identified the grouping of implant regions that had a significant impact on the measurement results. Conclusion The overall experimental results demonstrated that the measurement errors of the model were all within an acceptable range. The measurement results have high clinical reference value, and the proposed YOLOv5s_CBCT model can be conveniently deployed on medical instruments.

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Research progress in the construction of murine experimental model of peri-implantitis

Sun Yuxin, Shi Bin, Wu Tao

Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology 2025, 30 (3): 281-287. DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.06.013

Abstract （276）

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Peri-implantitis is one of the most intractable complications in dental implant treatment, which is also the key factor for implant failure. The construction of relevant animal experimental models that can accurately simulate the pathological features of peri-implantitis is crucial for in-depth exploration of its pathogenesis. This review systematically collates the research progress in recent years on the establishment of murine experimental models of peri-implantitis. The content encompasses the scientific selection of experimental animals, the application of innovative modeling methods, modeling time, the accurate evaluation of modeling outcome indicators, and an in-depth analysis of key factors such as success rate. The aim is to provide more comprehensive and accurate references for researchers in this field.

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Effect of a KABP-based systematic oral health education program on postoperative care of dental implants in patients with periodontal disease

Chen Shanshan, Wang Xue, Yuan Miao

Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology 2025, 30 (3): 262-268. DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.06.010

Abstract （276）

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Objective To evaluate the effect of a KABP-based nursing model combined with systematic oral health education on postoperative care of dental implants in patients with periodontal disease. Methods A total of 96 patients who underwent oral implant restoration at the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from January to June 2022 were enrolled in this prospective study. Patients were randomly assigned to a control group (n=48) and an intervention group (n=48) using a random number table. The control group received systematic oral health education, while the intervention group received a KABP-based educational intervention. Outcome measures included peri-implan indices, cytokine levels (IL-8, IL-1β, TNF-α), disease knowledge awareness, compliance with professional oral maintenance, incidence of peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis, and patient satisfaction. Results Before the intervention, there were no statistically significant differences in peri-implant indices (BI, PLI, PD), cytokine levels (IL-8, IL-1β, TNF-α), or disease knowledge awareness between the two groups (P>0.05). After the intervention, the peri-implant indices and cytokine levels were significantly lower in the intervention group compared to the control group (P<0.05), while disease knowledge awareness and compliance with professional oral maintenance were significantly higher (P<0.05). Additionally, the incidence of peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis in the intervention group was lower than in the control group (P<0.05), and patient satisfaction with the restoration was higher in the intervention group (P<0.05). Conclusion The application of a KABP-based nursing model combined with systematic oral health education can effectively improve peri-implant indices, reduce inflammatory cytokine levels, enhance disease knowledge awareness, improve compliance with professional oral maintenance, and increase patient satisfaction following dental implant therapy in patients with periodontal disease. Furthermore, it can decrease the incidence of peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis.

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Research progress on the role and mechanism of the Wnt/Ca²⁺/CaMKⅡsignaling pathway in osteogenic regulation and diabetic bone metabolism disorders

Ding Jiaqi, Zhou Wenjuan

Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology 2025, 30 (3): 305-311. DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.06.016

Abstract （275）

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Diabetes mellitus (DM), a prevalent chronic metabolic disorder, is closely associated with disrupted bone metabolic homeostasis, which can impair osteoblast function through various molecular pathways, ultimately leading to abnormal bone metabolism. Additionally, diabetic oxidative stress can severely impair the process of new bone formation, leading to compromised osseointegration of the implant and even implant failure. Among these pathways, the Wnt/Ca²⁺/CaMKⅡ signaling axis plays a pivotal role in regulating osteoblast differentiation, bone matrix synthesis, and bone remodeling, all of which are essential processes in bone formation. This review systematically examines the impact of the Wnt/Ca²⁺/CaMKⅡ pathway on bone metabolic homeostasis in diabetic conditions, with a focus on the molecular mechanisms underlying diabetic bone metabolism disorders. Furthermore, the review discusses the potential of the Wnt/Ca²⁺/CaMKⅡpathway as a promising therapeutic target for managing diabetes-related bone lesions, providing novel insights into the intervention strategies for metabolic bone diseases and impaired osseointegration of dental implants in diabetic patients.

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Accuracy of three digitally guided implant techniques for full-arch rehabilitation: an in vitro study

Li Yue, Zhao Wenbo, Wang Yiming, Li Xinru, Zhou Libo

Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology 2025, 30 (5): 421-428. DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.10.001

Abstract （262）

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Objective To compare the accuracy differences between magnetic sequential guides, mortise-and-tenon sequence guides, and dental implant robots in full-arch implantation, and to provide a reference for clinical application. Methods Thirty standardized mandibular full-arch models were selected and equally divided into three groups according to the implantation methods. Preoperative CBCT scans was taken for implant planning, and the three groups used the same plan for implant placement. Deviation analysis was performed based postoperative CBCT scanning. Results The dental implant robot group demonstrated the highest accuracy, followed by the magnetic sequential guide group, with the mortise-and-tenon sequential guide group showing the lowest accuracy. There was statistically significant differences among the three groups in terms of total deviation at the entry point, total deviation at the apex, and total angular deviation (P<0.05). There were also statistically significant differences in the horizontal and depth deviations at the entry point and at the apex (P<0.05). Conclusion Both the dental implant robot and magnetic sequential guide technology can achieve high precision in full-arch implantation. Clinicians can choose the appropriate method according to the specific situation.

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Research progress on the sausage technique in horizontal ridge augmentation

Zhou Shenghui, Yang Zinan

Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology 2025, 30 (5): 502-508. DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.10.011

Abstract （256）

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Horizontal alveolar ridge augmentation remains one of the most clinically challenging procedures in implant dentistry, and the quality of bone regeneration critically determines the long-term stability of dental implants. Conventional guided bone regeneration techniques have technical limitations in coronal horizontal ridge augmentation, including membrane displacement and inadequate maintenance of the osteogenic compartment. The innovative sausage technique has emerged as a breakthrough approach for predictable horizontal bone augmentation. This method enhances procedural predictability through modified membrane stabilization protocols and optimized graft containment mechanisms. Clinical evidence demonstrates that the sausage technique not only ensures consistent ridge augmentation outcomes but also facilitates ideal prosthetic-driven implant placement in knife-edged alveolar ridges through its unique three-dimensional space-maintaining properties, offering clinicians a reliable solution for complex bone defect rehabilitation. This review comprehensively examines the evolution, technical characteristics, clinical advantages and limitations, and recent advancements of the sausage technique, with the goal of establishing an evidence-based framework for developing personalized bone augmentation protocols.

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Implant restoration of horizontal alveolar ridge deficiency in the right mandibular molar region using ridge split combined with GBR: a case report

Xu Wei, Liu Jianzhong, Wang Yujiang

Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology 2025, 30 (4): 388-392. DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.08.010

Abstract （249）

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This paper report a case of delayed implantation using staged ridge split combined with guided bone regeneration (GBR) in a patient with a knife-edge alveolar ridge due to free-end edentulism in the posterior mandible. For a patient with insufficient alveolar ridge crest width in the mandible who met the indications for ridge splitting, a two-stage ridge split was performed. The first surgery involved splitting the cortical bone to promote bone remodeling. One month later, a second ridge split was carried out with simultaneous implant placement, combined with GBR to achieve horizontal ridge augmentation. The horizontal alveolar bone width increased by 4~5 mm, meeting clinical requirements for implantation while reducing the risk of buccolingual implant exposure, minimizing surgical trauma, and shortening the treatment period. However, a two-year follow-up revealed buccal bone plate resorption in the surgical area at a rate of 0.1~0.3 mm/year. The staged ridge split technique provides a treatment option for patients with severe horizontal alveolar ridge deficiency (width≤3 mm) in the posterior mandible, but attention should be paid to the issue of long-term bone resorption.

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Surgical techniques for peri-implant free epithelium-connective tissue grafting to augment keratinized mucosa

Zhao Lingzhou, Ma Chufan

Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology 2025, 30 (6): 519-524. DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.12.002

Abstract （247）

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In addressing insufficient peri-implant keratinized mucosa width (KMW)—a critical determinant of long-term implant stability and peri-implant tissue health—the peri-implant free epithelium-connective tissue grafting (FECTG) emerges as an efficacious surgical solution. This article presents technical refinements for FECTG implementation, advocating keratinized mucosa augmentation either prior to or concomitant with second-stage implant surgery to optimize surgical access and buccolingual keratinized tissue distribution. Maxillary cases benefit from palatal soft tissue transfer for buccal width enhancement, whereas mandibular cases demand meticulous technique due to lingual anatomical constraints, where improper handling may risk keratinized mucosa deficiency. The pivotal periosteal recipient bed preparation requires preservation of periosteal integrity to ensure vascularization, elimination of mobile soft tissue to enhance graft stability, and creation of a recipient bed slightly larger than the graft to facilitate suturing and promote early nutrient/oxygen diffusion. Graft fixation employs a dual-suture approach—coronal interrupted sutures coupled with external horizontal mattress sutures. Crucially, omitting sutures for apically positioned flaps streamlines the procedure, reducing operative time while lowering technical complexity. These evidence-based protocols may facilitate the broader clinical adoption of FECTG for peri-implant soft tissue augmentation.

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Research progress on the influence of implant placement depth on peri-implant tissues

Chen Li, Zhou Wenjuan, Liu Zhonghao

Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology 2025, 30 (4): 393-398. DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.08.011

Abstract （244）

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Maintaining the stability of marginal bone levels and soft tissue around dental implants is essential for the long-term success of implant therapy. The relative position of the implant platform to the crest of the alveolar ridge plays an important role in marginal bone resorption and soft tissue attachment. Currently, the optimal implant placement depth is still controversial. This article intends to review the effects of different implant placement depths on crestal bone levels and soft tissue height.

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Application of CGF combined with hydraulic pressure technique in transcrestal maxillary sinus floor elevation

Chen Kang, Zhao Lijuan, Sun Haipeng, Huang Yingying

Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology 2025, 30 (4): 356-362. DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.08.005

Abstract （242）

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Objective With the widespread application of digital technology and advancements in implant materials, our team utilized concentrated growth factors (CGF) combined with the osteotome condensing and hydraulic pressure elevation technique to modify the surgical protocol for simultaneous implant placement during maxillary sinus floor elevation. This approach significantly increased the success rate of sinus augmentation, achieving greater elevation heights while reducing the risk of Schneiderian membrane perforation. Methods This retrospective study analyzed clinical data from 30 patients with single-tooth loss in the posterior maxilla treated at Shenzhen Stomatological Hospital between May 2023 and August 2024. All patients underwent sinus floor elevation with simultaneous implant placement using osteotome condensing combined with hydraulic pressure elevation. The Schneiderian membrane thickness and the achieved elevation height at the implant sites were compared preoperatively and postoperatively. Results Data showed no significant difference in Schneiderian membrane thickness before and after the procedure, while the mean elevation height was 7.6 mm (P<0.001). Conclusion With the aid of a digital surgical guide, the combined use of osteotome condensing and hydraulic pressure elevation transforms a procedure previously performed blindly into a precisely controlled surgical technique. This method enables effective and safe separation and elevation of the Schneiderian membrane without damage while allowing for simultaneous placement of bone substitute material and dental implants. The modified protocol demonstrates a high success rate and significant clinical effectiveness and can be standardized to facilitate broader clinical application.

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Aesthetic outcomes and clinical analysis of the socket-shield technique in immediate implant restoration of a single maxillary anterior tooth

Zhang Jiayuan, Liu Hui, Huang Shishi, Chen Ying, Chen Qingsheng

Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology 2025, 30 (5): 456-463. DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.10.005

Abstract （240）

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Objective This study aims to investigate the clinical efficacy of the socket-shield technique in immediate implant restoration of a single maxillary anterior tooth in a retrospective study. Methods A total of 86 patients who underwent immediate implant restoration of a single maxillary anterior tooth at our hospital from April 2021 to March 2022 were selected and divided into two groups according to different implant surgical techniques, with 43 patients in each group. The socket-shield technique group (experimental group) received immediate implant placement combined with the root membrane technique, while the conventional implant group (control group) underwent minimally invasive tooth extraction followed by immediate implant placement.Implant survival rate, complication rate, and patient satisfaction were compared between the two groups. Additionally, probing depth (PD), pink esthetic score (PES), white esthetic score (WES), and modified bleeding index (mBI) were assessed pre- and postoperatively between the two groups. Results The implant retention rate was 95.35% in the socket-shield technique group and 88.37% in the conventional implant group, with no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P=0.237). Patient satisfaction in terms of soft tissue color, overall esthetics, chewing comfort, and total score was significantly higher in the experimental group (P<0.001), with scores of (8.72±0.90), (9.13±0.54), (8.45±0.67), and (25.36±1.42), respectively, compared with (7.36±1.45), (8.22±1.30), (7.01±1.63), and (22.59±1.74) in the control group. Preoperatively, there were no significant differences in PES, mBI, and PD between the two groups (P>0.05).Postoperatively, PES and WES were significantly higher in the experimental group [(8.68±0.89) and (9.01±0.33)] than in the control group [(7.25±1.41) and (8.30±0.76)] (P < 0.001). The socket-shield technique group also exhibited significantly lower mBI and PD values [(0.27±0.08) and (2.35±0.68) mm] than the control group [(1.39±0.36) and (3.27±0.91) mm] (P < 0.001). Additionally, the complication rate in the socket-shield technique group was 9.30%, which was not significantly different from that in the conventional implant group (13.95%; P=0.501). Conclusion Both treatment modalities demonstrated high Implant retention rates and safety profiles. However, the socket-shield technique exhibited superior esthetic outcomes and higher patient satisfaction in the immediate implant restoration of a single maxillary anterior tooth, making it worthy of broader clinical application and promotion.

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Study on surface quality and corrosion resistance of Ti-6Al-4V alloy implant abutments by magnetic abrasive finishing

Xiong Lang, Su Hanqi, Hao Junjiang, Su Yucheng

Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology 2025, 30 (6): 566-573. DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.12.009

Abstract （237）

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Objective This study investigates the effects of magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF) technology on the surface morphology, roughness, hydrophilicity, and corrosion resistance of Ti-6Al-4V alloy dental implant abutments. It aims to clarify the role of different magnetic needle diameters in optimizing surface properties and provide a basis for clinical surface treatment processes. Methods Ti-6Al-4V alloy cylindrical specimens were divided into five groups: an untreated control group (control) and MAF-treated groups with magnetic needle diameters of 0.2 mm, 0.5 mm, 1.0 mm, and 1.5 mm (MAF_0.2, MAF_0.5, MAF_1.0, and MAF_1.5). MAF treatment was performed by changing only the magnetic needle diameter while keeping the other processing parameters constant. Surface morphology changes were observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), surface roughness was measured using an optical surface roughness meter, hydrophilicity was assessed using a contact angle measuring instrument, and electrochemical polarization testing was used to analyze the corrosion potential (E_corr), corrosion current density (i_corr), and polarization resistance (R_p) of each group of samples in artificial saliva. Results MAF treatment effectively removed original processing marks, reduced surface roughness, and improved hydrophilicity, with statistically significant differences between groups(P<0.05). In the MAF_1.0group (magnetic needle diameter 1.0 mm, magnetic needle length 5.0 mm, magnetic pole rotation speed 40 Hz, grinding time 60 min), Ra decreased to(0.197 ± 0.022) μm, contact angle decreased to 78.03° ± 1.59°, E_corr increased to -0.5661 V,i_corr decreased to 0.0114 μA·cm^-2, and R_pincreased to 8.97×10⁶ Ω·cm², all outperforming other treatment groups and the control group, demonstrating the best overall performance. Conclusion MAF technology can significantly improve the surface morphology, roughness, hydrophilicity, and corrosion resistance of Ti-6Al-4V alloy implant abutments. Magnetic needle treatment with a diameter of 1.0 mm is most effective in improving surface performance, providing an experimental basis for subsequent clinical evaluation.

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Preface to the forum on zygomatic implant surgery and dental implant

Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology

Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology 2025, 30 (3): 201-202. DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.06.001

Abstract （236）

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