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Clinical outcomes of 3D printing individualized titanium mesh for severe alveolar bone defects: a retrospective series Xiong Zhenjie, Wei Yongxiang, Liu Qian, Chen Yaxin, Guo Xueqi, Ji Ruotong, Su Hanfu, Zou Yaokun, Wang Liping Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (1): 27-34.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.02.006 Abstract （1262）      PDF （1959KB）（474）       Knowledge map    Save Objective To analyze the clinical outcomes and accuracy of 3D printing individualized titanium mesh (3D-PITM) in the treatment of severe alveolar bone defects. Methods This study involved 30 patients who underwent 3D-PITM supported guided bone regeneration (3D-PITMs GBR) at the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University starting in February 2020. All patients signed informed consent and underwent surgery followed by regular postoperative follow-up. Individualized titanium meshes were fabricated using 3D printing technology, with preoperative virtual design and planning. Patients were followed for 6 to 8 months postoperatively, and clinical outcomes, as well as two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) imaging data, were collected and analyzed. Results Among the 30 patients, 4 experienced titanium mesh exposure, yielding an incidence rate of 13.33% (95% CI: 4.30%~22.36%). However, none of the patients experienced postoperative infections. During the 6-to 8-month follow-up period, implant sites achieved satisfactory bone augmentation in both horizontal and vertical dimensions. Imaging measurements revealed significant increases in alveolar bone width and height at 6 to 8 months postoperatively compared to preoperative values ( P<0.05). Postoperative bone augmentation volume also demonstrated significant improvement ( P<0.05). Furthermore, there were no statistically significant differences in alveolar bone changes between preoperative virtual planning and postoperative measurements (immediate and at 6 to 8 months) , indicating that 3D-PITM provides predictable bone augmentation outcomes. Conclusion 3D printing individualized titanium mesh effectively supports bone regeneration, achieves a high degree of matching with the defect site, and ensures the stability and effectiveness of newly formed bone. The 3D-PITM technique demonstrates high precision in restoring severe alveolar bone defects. Although complications such as titanium mesh exposure may occur, appropriate management can prevent the adverse impact on subsequent restoration outcomes. 3D-PITM is clinically valuable for restoring complex alveolar bone defects, providing reliable postoperative predictions and optimizing surgical planning. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the osteogenic and antimicrobial properties of PEEK modified with a Ce-Ag-ZnO composite coating using PEI as a carrier Dai Yating, Han Zekui, Ru Xiaona, Lyu Yuguang, Li Bing, Gao Shijun Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (1): 54-61.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.02.010 Abstract （798）      PDF （2285KB）（506）       Knowledge map    Save Objective This study aimed to utilize polyetherimide (PEI) as a carrier to coat a Ce-Ag-ZnO composite layer, enhancing the osteogenic and antibacterial properties of polyetheretherketone (PEEK). Methods Ce-Ag-ZnO composite powder was dissolved in a PEI solution and applied to PEEK via spin coating to form a uniform and stable coating. Three groups were established: the blank group (PEEK), the control group (PEEK+PEI), and the experimental group (PEEK+PEI+composite powder). The surface morphology, hydrophilicity, phase composition, element release, and coating adhesion were analyzed. The osteogenic potential of the samples was assessed using CCK-8, live/dead cell staining, cytoskeletal staining, ALP activity quantification, alizarin red staining, and quantitative reverse transcription PCR. The antibacterial efficacy was evaluated through bacterial colony counting. Results The Ce-Ag-ZnO composite powder was successfully coated onto the PEEK surface with a uniform distribution, allowing for controlled release. The experimental group exhibited significantly enhanced hydrophilicity ( P<0.001). On the 7th day, the experimental group showed superior MC3T3-E1 cell proliferation ( P<0.001), with well-spread pseudopodia and clear adhesion. Alizarin red staining demonstrated pronounced mineralization. The modified PEEK significantly upregulated ALP activity ( P<0.001) and the expression of osteogenic genes, including Runx2, BMP-2, OPN, and OCN ( P<0.001). The experimental group also exhibited the lowest bacterial adherence ( P<0.001). Conclusion The composite coating on the PEEK surface enhanced its biocompatibility, osteogenic potential, and antibacterial properties, thereby optimizing the surface performance of PEEK implants. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Causes, prevention and treatment of titanium mesh exposure after 3D printing individualized titanium mesh supported guided bone regeneration Su Yucheng, Ren Bin Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (1): 5-12.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.02.003 Abstract （580）      PDF （1665KB）（840）       Knowledge map    Save 3D printing individualized titanium mesh serves as a space maintenance device, effectively creating and maintaining osteogenic space, reducing intraoperative time and the difficulty of surgery. It is a reliable bone augmentation solution for various types of alveolar ridge bone defects. However, during clinical application, postoperative titanium mesh exposure is the most common complication and requires clinicians' attention. This article elaborates on the causes, prevention, and treatment of postoperative titanium mesh exposure in guided bone regeneration supported by 3D-PITM, with the aim of providing clinical reference. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress and clinical application of dental implant macro-design Cai Wenyu, Ma Junchi, Zhao Wenbo, Wang Yiming, Zhou Libo Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (2): 180-186.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.04.013 Abstract （434）      PDF （1295KB）（993）       Knowledge map    Save In recent years, the design of implant configurations has been continuously optimized, playing a key role in improving initial stability and promoting osseointegration, which are key factors for achieving long-term functional stability of implants. However, there is still no unified consensus on the optimal implant configuration. This article explores various aspects of implant design, including the neck structure, thread pattern, overall shape, apex features, diameter, and length, with different bone qualities and clinical conditions, such as immediate and delayed implantation, as well as anterior and posterior implantation sites. By summarizing the most favorable implant configurations identified in current research, this review aims to provide a reference for clinical applications. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress in pseudo-periosteum formation under titanium mesh assisted guided bone regeneration Yang Minxue, Li Dize, Chen Tao Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (1): 35-39.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.02.007 Abstract （392）      PDF （1429KB）（683）       Knowledge map    Save In addressing complex bone defects, titanium mesh, as one of the non-absorbable barrier membranes, plays a key role in space maintenance. After surgery, a dense fibrous connective tissue, known as pseudo-periosteum, often forms on the surface of the newly formed bone. This tissue can be categorized into three types based on its thickness. The formation of the pseudo-periosteum is closely associated with the use of titanium mesh, and its formation remains unavoidable even with the use of 3D printing individualized titanium mesh. The factors influencing the formation of the pseudo-periosteum are not yet fully understood, but may be include variables such as micromotion of the titanium mesh and pore size. In clinical applications, the pseudo-periosteum has certain value in soft tissue augmentation and protection of new bone, but some researchers argue that it may occupy bone-forming space, and whether it should be retained remains controversial. Currently, the formation mechanism, anatomical and histological characteristics, clinical value, and retention controversies of the pseudo-periosteum have not been comprehensively and systematically elucidated. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the formation, histological characteristics, clinical applications, and retention controversies of the pseudo-periosteum under titanium mesh, with the goal of offering guidance and reference for clinical practice. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of bone augmentation effects between digital titanium mesh and resorbable collagen membrane: a retrospective study Li Songhang, Cai Xiaoxiao Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (1): 19-26.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.02.005 Abstract （382）      PDF （1736KB）（426）       Knowledge map    Save Objective To evaluate the clinical outcomes of bone augmentation using digital titanium mesh versus absorbable collagen membrane. Methods From January 2019 to December 2020, 24 patients with Terheyden type 2/4 or 3/4 bone defects were treated at the Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology. These patients were divided into two groups: the absorbable collagen membrane group (12 cases) and digital titanium mesh group (12 cases). Both groups underwent guided bone regeneration with absorbable collagen membrane and digital titanium mesh as barrier membranes, respectively. The two-dimensional and three-dimensional measurements of alveolar bone were taken at four time points: pre-surgery (T 1), post- surgery (T 2), before second-stage surgery (T 3), and one year after loading (T 4), to evaluate hard tissue stability. Results Both the absorbable collagen membrane group and the digital titanium mesh group achieved excellent bone augmentation outcomes after surgery. The average single-tooth augmentation was 354.43 mm 3 (330.04, 403.93) in the absorbable membrane group, and in the digital titanium mesh group, it was 368.98 mm³ (320.90, 441.61). Although the labial bone in the absorbable collagen membrane group was thicker than in the digital titanium mesh group at T 2, after the healing and loading periods, the digital titanium mesh group exhibited thicker labial bone at all measurement points. Both in the short-term healing and long-term functional phases, the resorption of the labiolingual bone in the digital titanium mesh group was lower than in the absorbable collagen membrane group. Additionally, the digital titanium mesh group showed superior bone preservation results in terms of three-dimensional volume. Conclusion Digital titanium mesh offers superior bone augmentation effects compared to absorbable collagen membranes. It maintains a stable osteogenic space during the early healing phase and exerts a positive influence during the loading phase. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A case report of a peri-implant cyst Xu Manjun, Liu Chunjie, Sun Licong, Li Hong, Guo Fujun Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (4): 384-387.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.08.009 Abstract （379）      PDF （1599KB）（439）       Knowledge map    Save This paper reports a case of a peri-implant cyst associated with periapical periodontitis of the adjacent tooth. The patient presented with swelling and pain around the implant at site 47 in the right mandible, and the diagnosis was confirmed by cone beam computed tomography and other examinations. Treatment included removal of the loosened implant at site 47 and curettage of the cystic lesion. Additionally, a partial root resection and lesion curettage were performed on tooth 46. Histopathological examination confirmed an odontogenic cyst with secondary infection. Follow-up showed satisfactory wound healing without complications. Based on an in-depth analysis of this case and a review of the relevant literature, we comprehensively discuss the etiology, clinical features, diagnostic approaches, and prevention and treatment strategies for peri-implant cysts. This report aims to provide valuable insights for oral implant clinicians to enhance understanding, diagnosis, and management of this condition. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Autonomous dental implant robot (ADIR) combined with bone condensing drills used for transcrestal maxillary sinus elevation simultaneously implant placement: a case report Chen Na, Chen Tao, Huang Yuanding Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (1): 74-80.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.02.013 Abstract （343）      PDF （2106KB）（530）       Knowledge map    Save A patient who underwent extraction of the upper left first molar due to crown-root fracture three months ago requested implant restoration. CBCT examination revealed insufficient residual alveolar bone height and low bone density at the edentulous site. In this case, an autonomous dental implant robot, combined with an bone condensing drilling kit, based on machine vision and a force servo control system, was used to simultaneously perform bone condensing, transalveolar maxillary sinus floor elevation, and implant placement under the precise guidance of the robotic arm. During surgery, there was no perforation of the maxillary sinus membrane, and the implant initial stability was excellent, with errors at the platform and apex less than 1mm and angular error less than 2°. There were no complications such as postoperative maxillary sinus infection. A follow-up CBCT examination six months after the operation showed good osseointegration of the implant, with a height increase of the maxillary sinus ranging from 3 to 5 mm, a volume increase of 291.47 mm³, and an IST value of 77. The second stage, including gingivoplasty, implant restorative impression, and final upper prosthetic restoration, was completed following standard procedures. This case presents a digital guidance method for implant surgery using an autonomous dental implant robot for sinus floor elevation, Bone condensing, and implant placement in cases of posterior maxillary tooth loss with low bone density and insufficient vertical bone volume. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of acid pickling pretreatment on the microstructure and corrosion resistance of Ti-6Al-4V alloy Zhao Yujia, Liu Qiqi, Qiu Lin, Hao Junjiang, Su Hanqi, Han Zekui, Wang Xinyu, Su Yucheng Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (1): 47-53.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.02.009 Abstract （340）      PDF （1846KB）（548）       Knowledge map    Save Objective To evaluate the changes in the microstructure and corrosion resistance of Ti-6Al-4V alloy after different acid pickling pretreatments and to determine the optimal pickling method for titanium alloys used as implantable biomaterials. Methods The microstructure, hydrophilic properties, and corrosion resistance of machined Ti-6Al-4V alloy samples pickled with HF+H 2SO 4, HF+HNO 3, and HF solutions were analyzed using contact angle measurements, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and electrochemical tests. Results 1. Pickling rates varied among the three solutions: HF+H 2SO 4 (0.088 μm/s), HF+HNO 3 (0.064 μm/s), and HF (0.097 μm/s). 2. All groups exhibited characteristic α+β phase microstructures, with a higher proportion of β phase observed in the HF+HNO 3 and HF groups compared to the HF+H 2SO 4 group. The HF group also displayed hydride phases. Optical microscopy revealed the least pitting corrosion in the HF+HNO 3 group. 3. Corrosion resistance testing in simulated body fluids showed the following order of self-corrosion potential: control group > HF+HNO 3 group > HF+H 2SO 4 group > HF group. Conclusion HF+HNO 3 pickling produced Ti-6Al-4V alloy samples with smooth surfaces, a contact angle of 47.63°±2.40°, a weight loss rate of 1.11%±0.08%, and uniform removal of organic impurities and oxide films. The C/Ti and O/Ti ratios were reduced to 0.047±0.001 and 0.040±0.008, respectively. This treatment achieved higher corrosion resistance, with a self-corrosion potential of -0.676V. HF+HNO 3 is recommended as the preferred pickling solution for producing implantable Ti-6Al-4V alloys with superior corrosion resistance and a clean, uniform surface. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The characteristics of nisin and its application in peri-implantitis: a review of recent research Wang Yu Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (1): 86-90.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.02.015 Abstract （335）      PDF （1723KB）（973）       Knowledge map    Save Peri-implantitis is one of the main causes of implants failure. Nisin is a bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus, which exerts bacteriostatic effects by forming pores in bacterial cell membranes. Nisin has been shown to effectively inhibit the pathogenic bacteria associated with peri-implantitis, demonstrating its potential for use in the treatment of this condition. This review article discusses the characteristics of nisin and the research progress on its application in peri-implantitis. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Static mechanical analysis of individualized titanium mesh for restoring extensive mandible alveolar bone defects Wang Huaisheng, Han Zekui, Zang Yixin, Song Zhenyu, Song Yihan, Sun Zihui, Wang Xinyu Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (1): 13-18.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.02.004 Abstract （332）      PDF （2724KB）（417）       Knowledge map    Save Objective To investigate the biomechanical effects of varying retention pin numbers and positions on 3D printed individualized titanium mesh used for restoring extensive bone defects through finite element analysis. Methods A digital model of extensive bone defects in the mandible was constructed. Virtual bone augmentation was performed using 3-Matic 15 and Geomagic Wrap 2021 software, followed by the design of individualized titanium meshes. Five models with different retention pin numbers and positions were analyzed: (A) four retention pins (buccal mesial, buccal median, mandibular ramus, and lingual side); (B) three retention pins (buccal mesial, buccal median, mandibular ramus); (C) two retention pins (buccal mesial, buccal median); (D) two retention pins (buccal mesial, mandibular ramus); (E) two retention pins (buccal median, mandibular ramus). Finite element analysis models were constructed to evaluate the displacement and stress distribution of the titanium meshes in each group. Results Titanium mesh with four retention pins exhibited the smallest overall displacement (maximum: 0.088 mm), effectively protecting the internal bone graft material. The mesh with three retention pins showed relatively uniform displacement on the buccal side and alveolar ridge crest; however, the absence of lingual-side retention pins resulted in larger displacements, concentrated in the distal lingual area (maximum: 0.263 mm). In the three models with two retention pins, when the pins were located at the buccal mesial and median, the absence of retention pins in the distal regions led to increasing displacement as the distance from the pins increased, with a maximum displacement of 3.255 mm. In the model with retention pins at the buccal mesial and mandibular ramus, the long span of the titanium mesh caused downward deformation in the central section under load, with the deformation gradually decreasing toward both ends, while the free mesial end experienced upward buckling forces, resulting in a maximum displacement of 0.728 mm. In the model where the pins were located at the buccal median and mandibular ramus, the longer mesial cantilever beam led to significant deformation closer to the mesial end, with the maximum deformation reaching 3.823 mm. Titanium meshes with four retention pins and those with pins at the buccal mesial and median exhibited uniform stress distribution without notable stress concentrations. Meshes with three retention pins showed stress concentrations on the buccal side and around the retention pins. For meshes with pins located at the buccal mesial and mandibular ramus, or at the buccal median and mandibular ramus, stress was concentrated around the two pins. Maximum stresses for models A, B, C, D and E were 183.29, 451.30, 722.22, 904.84 and 1462.40 MPa, respectively. Conclusion Increasing the number of retention pins reduces the displacement of individualized titanium mesh under load. For the same number of retention pins, their positions significantly influence mesh displacement. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A case report on dental implant surgery for a patient with severe gag reflex and multiple tooth loss Xu Xinghuanyu, Yang Yanlan, Xu Pu, Yu Dou, Lu Liying Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (1): 81-85.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.02.014 Abstract （321）      PDF （2441KB）（522）       Knowledge map    Save This study aims to share the clinical experience of performing dental implantation in patients with severe gag reflex, providing a reference for the treatment of similar patients. The patient was maintained in a 45° sitting position, and medicated rinsing, local anesthesia, and nerve block anesthesia were used in combination to facilitate the procedure. A user-friendly implant system was employed during the surgery. The severe gag reflex was successfully suppressed, and the dental implant placements were completed smoothly. Postoperative CBCT confirmed proper placement of the implants, and follow-up visits showed satisfactory wound healing. For patients with severe gag reflex, medicated rinsing can effectively reduce discomfort and facilitate successful dental implantation. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Oral implantology and medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) Su Yucheng Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (4): 317-330.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.08.001 Abstract （312）      PDF （2181KB）（406）       Knowledge map    Save Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) has emerged as a serious complication associated with antiresorptive therapy and anti-angiogenic therapy, and has received increasing attention in recent years.In implant patients, severe MRONJ can lead to devastating consequences for the jawbone, with few effective preventive strategies currently available.Although a substantial body of literature on MRONJ exists, it often lacks systematic organization.Therefore, this review discusses the definition, incidence, etiology and pathogenesis, staging, diagnostic criteria, histopathological manifestations, risk factors, prevention, and treatment strategies for MRONJ. Special emphasis is placed on the risks and management of peri-implant MRONJ (PI-MRONJ). Despite the lack of consensus on many aspects of MRONJ, the objective discussion in this article presents current research progress to clinicians and provide references for the prevention and treatment of MRONJ and PI-MRONJ. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of platelet-rich fibrin on bone regeneration Huang Lirong, Feng Zeru, Wu Hongkun, Mo Anchun Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (2): 118-126.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.04.005 Abstract （307）      PDF （1410KB）（523）       Knowledge map    Save Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), a second-generation autologous platelet concentrate, has been widely used in oral implantology and maxillofacial surgery due to its excellent biocompatibility and bone regeneration capacity. PRF facilitates osteoblast activation, angiogenesis, and bone remodeling by sustained release of growth factors through its three-dimensional fibrin network. It has shown significant potential in sinus floor elevation, bone augmentation, extraction site preservation, and immediate implant placement, improving implant stability and survival rates. Additionally, PRF has shown efficacy in the treatment of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) by reducing infection, alleviating inflammation, and promoting tissue healing. However, PRF's clinical outcomes are influenced by individual physiological differences, preparation methods, and degradation rates. PRF's long-term osteogenic effects, especially in severe bone defects, remain inconsistent. Optimizing centrifugation parameters, blood collection tube materials, and fiber structure, as well as combining PRF with bone grafts, antimicrobial drugs, and biomimetic scaffolds, can enhance its performance. Additionally, PRF combined with nanomaterials and hydrogel scaffolds shows potential advantages in angiogenesis and tissue regeneration, though long-term follow-up data remain limited. In conclusion, PRF holds significant promise in bone regeneration. However, further studies are required to establish standardized preparation protocols and multidisciplinary strategies to improve its clinical stability and efficacy. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the utilization of sticky bone in bone regeneration Liang Yixin, Qu Zhe Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (2): 111-117.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.04.004 Abstract （299）      PDF （1622KB）（784）       Knowledge map    Save The high concentrations of growth factors within platelets have been proven to promote cell migration, proliferation, and angiogenesis during the regeneration process. Multiple efforts have been exerted to blend them with bone substitute materials, to fabricate "sticky bone" for easier manipulation by surgeons. While autologous and allogeneic bone grafts are limited by donor site availability and biocompatibility issues, synthetic bone grafts exhibit significant advantages in terms of biocompatibility. The integration of growth factors into these porous synthetic grafts can effectively stimulate cell growth and differentiation, thereby enhancing osteogenic potential. This paper reviews the research and advancements in sticky bone for bone regeneration, elaborating on the fabrication and characterization of sticky bone materials. Moreover, it also highlights the promising outcomes and benefits of sticky bone in bone defect regeneration, substantiated by clinical data from both domestic and international studies. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on the bone window in lateral window technique for sinus floor elevation Zhang Heng, Zhou Yiqun Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (2): 187-192.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.04.014 Abstract （297）      PDF （1276KB）（356）       Knowledge map    Save The lateral window technique for sinus floor elevation is a key approach to address insufficient alveolar bone height in posterior maxillary implant surgery, and research in this area has been continuously advancing. With ongoing improvements in bone window design and the application of digital technology, significant progress has been made in reducing intraoperative complications, minimizing postoperative trauma, enhancing osteogenesis, and increasing implant survival rates. This review summarizes the design aspects of the bone window, including its shape, size, and position, as well as the application of digital technology in the lateral window technique for sinus floor elevation, aiming to provide a reference for bone window selection in this surgical procedure. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Finite element analysis of a novel 3D-printed temporary fixed prosthesis for edentulous jaws under multidirectional loading Zhang Chuankai, Zhang Jiayuan, Pan Yulei, Chen Qingsheng, Lin Haiyan Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (2): 135-143.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.04.007 Abstract （286）      PDF （1550KB）（351）       Knowledge map    Save Objective This study aimed to investigate the biomechanical properties of a novel 3D-printed temporary fixed denture for edentulous jaws using finite element analysis, and to compare its mechanical performance with that of conventional non-3D-printed polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and 3D-printed polylactic acid (PLA). Methods A three-dimensional finite element model of a mandible with complete edentulism was established based on a patient treated with an implant-supported temporary fixed prosthesis at Hangzhou Stomatological Hospital (Pinghai Campus) in May 2024. Three materials were analyzed: polyetheretherketone (PEEK, A1), polylactic acid (PLA, A2), and 3D-printed light-curing temporary crown and bridge resin for additive manufacturing (A3). A static load of 150 N was applied to anterior and posterior crowns and bridges in eight different directions: vertical load on posterior teeth (G1), right posterior buccal-to-lingual load (G2), right posterior lingual-to-buccal load (G3), left posterior buccal-to-lingual load (G4), left posterior lingual-to-buccal load (G5), vertical load on anterior teeth (G6), anterior labial-to-lingual load (G7), and anterior lingual-to-labial load( G8). Finite element analyses were performed using ANSYS 2021 R1 to evaluate the maximum Von Mises stress (MPa), maximum total deformation (mm), maximum Von Mises strain (mm), and stress distribution maps for each material. Results ①The maximum Von Mises stress of A1 (PEEK) was lower than A2 (PLA) in all directions, and A3 exhibited lower Von Mises stress than A2 in five directions.② A3 demonstrated lower maximum total deformation and Von Mises strain than A1 and A2 in seven directions; however, in direction G6 (vertical load on anterior teeth), A3 exhibited the largest total deformation and Von Mises strain. ③For anterior loading, the greatest deformation was concentrated at the incisal edge, with Von Mises strain evenly distributed across the anterior teeth and stress concentrated around the connector of the prosthesis.④For posterior loading, the greatest deformation was located at the distal margin of the mandibular second molar, with relatively uniform strain distribution in posterior regions, and peak stress located at the implant-abutment connection. Conclusion The novel 3D-printed temporary fixed denture for edentulous jaws demonstrated partially superior mechanical properties compared to both PEEK and PLA materials under simulated functional loading. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The application of platelet-rich fibrin in peri-implant soft tissue augmentation Fu Li, Zhou Yanmin Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (2): 98-105.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.04.002 Abstract （285）      PDF （1651KB）（511）       Knowledge map    Save Soft tissue augmentation is an effective technique for improving both the quality and contour of peri-implant soft tissues. The selection of surgical procedures and materials has been a major focus of ongoing research. In recent years, the application of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) in soft tissue augmentation procedures has garnered significant attention. However, there remains a lack of systematic discussion regarding its indications, application methods, and clinical outcomes. This article reviews the clinical strategies for soft tissue augmentation, and explores the mechanisms, research progress, and clinical effects related to PRF in peri-implant tissue augmentation, aiming to provide valuable insights for clinical application. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances in barrier membranes for guided bone regeneration in oral applications Li Guangda, Ding Mingchao, Chang Xin, Jing Boya, Wang Jingfu, Wang Weiqi Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (3): 288-295.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.06.014 Abstract （280）      PDF （1397KB）（857）       Knowledge map    Save Guided bone regeneration (GBR) has become a standard clinical approach for the treatment of localized jawbone defects. In this process, barrier membranes play an important role by preventing the migration of soft tissue from the mucosal side into the bone defect area, thereby maintaining a secluded space for bone regeneration. The biological properties and clinical performance of different membranes vary depending on their origin, fabrication methods, and structural characteristics. This paper summarizes the biological functions and mechanisms of commonly used barrier membranes in GBR, with a particular focus on the properties of different membrane types. The advantages and limitations of these biomaterials are discussed, along with their clinical applications and potential directions for future material development. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of the effectiveness of different abutments combined with all-ceramic crowns for the restoration of anterior tooth loss in patients Zhao Weiju, Yao Shubin, Wang Yating Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (1): 68-73.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.02.012 Abstract （277）      PDF （1466KB）（380）       Knowledge map    Save Objective To compare and analyze the effectiveness of individualized all-ceramic abutments versus individualized pure titanium abutments in combination with all-ceramic crowns for the restoration of anterior tooth loss. Methods Clinical data from 76 patients (85 missing tooth sites) with anterior tooth loss, treated at Jinshui Huici Hospital from October 2022 to August 2023, were retrospectively collected for a case-control study. Patients were divided into two groups based on the treatment method: the pure titanium group (38 patients, 41 missing tooth sites), which received individualized pure titanium abutments combined with all-ceramic crowns, and the all-ceramic group (38 cases, 44 missing tooth sites),which received individualized all-ceramic abutments combined with all-ceramic crowns. The health status of the dental implants, including the peri-implant soft tissue index and plaque index (PLI), was evaluated at different time points (1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after treatment). Additionally, quality of life was assessed before and 6 months after treatment using the oral health impact profile-14 (OHIP-14), and the satisfaction with the prosthetic restoration was measured using the red aesthetic score (PES) and white aesthetic score (WES). The incidence of complications was also compared between the groups. Results Repeated measures analysis of variance showed a significant difference in the interaction effects of peri-implant soft tissue index and PLI between the two groups at different time points ( P<0.05). Analysis of the time effect indicated that both groups showed an increasing trend in the soft tissue index and PLI at 3 and 6 months after treatment ( P<0.05). Group effect analysis showed that the soft tissue index and PLI were lower in the all-ceramic group than in the pure titanium group at 3 and 6 months after treatment ( P<0.05). At six months after treatment, the quality of life in both groups improved, and the OHIP-14 score in the all-ceramic group was lower than in the pure titanium group ( P<0.05). Satisfaction with the prosthetic restoration, as measured by PES and WES, was also significantly higher in the all-ceramic group than in the pure titanium group ( P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of complications between the two groups ( P>0.05). Conclusion Compared with individualized pure titanium abutments, the use of individualized all-ceramic abutments combined with all-ceramic crowns in patients with anterior tooth loss results in better soft tissue health around the implant, improved quality of life, and higher patient satisfaction with the restoration. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Exploration of the clinic application of dental post-processing module of cone beam CT images within the picture archiving and communication system (PACS) Zheng Hao, Pan Xiao, Lin Zitong Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (1): 40-46.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.02.008 Abstract （276）      PDF （1523KB）（679）       Knowledge map    Save Objective To explore the clinical application of a dental post-processing module for cone beam CT (CBCT) images embedded within the picture archiving and communication system (PACS) for preoperative implant evaluation. Methods A PACS-embedded dental post-processing module, including curved planar reformation (CPR) and continuous multi-axis dental reconstruction, was developed. A total of 270 CBCT images from implant patients in our hospital (scanned using three different CBCT systems, 90 cases per system) were analyzed by a radiologist for bone volume assessment. Method1 used CBCT digital imaging and communication in medicine (DICOM) data uploaded to PACS, applying the embedded dental post-processing module for reconstruction and measurement. Method2 utilized CD-ROM data exported from each CBCT device along with the corresponding built-in image processing software. The durations of image upload, opening, post-processing, and total time for both methods were recorded and statistically analyzed. Consistency in bone volume measurements was assessed, and a questionnaire on user satisfaction was completed by 10 radiologists and implantologists. Results Significant differences in image processing times were observed between the two methods for all three CBCT systems. Method1 significantly reduced total processing time compared to Method2 ( P<0.001), with consistent bone volume measurement results between the two methods. User satisfaction surveys indicated that Method1 was superior to Method2 ( P<0.001). Conclusion The PACS-embedded post-processing module is suitable for CBCT image analysis and measurement in implant patients, significantly enhancing clinical efficiency. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of trapezoidal full-thickness flap and combination flap in guided bone regeneration in the posterior mandible Hu Xiucheng, Sun Shichen, Wu Binbin, Wu Dan, Sun Haipeng Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (2): 144-150.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.04.008 Abstract （275）      PDF （1397KB）（540）       Knowledge map    Save Objective This study aimed to investigate the clinical advantages and disadvantages of two flap advancement techniques, trapezoidal full-thickness flap (TFF) and combination flap (CF), in guided bone regeneration (GBR) in the posterior mandible, and to compare the differences in postoperative pain and swelling levels between the two techniques. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 89 patients who underwent single posterior mandibular implant placement with simultaneously guided bone regeneration in our hospital from September 2023 to May 2024. The patients were divided into two groups according to the flap advancement technique: the TFF group (47 patients) and the CF group (42 patients). The two groups were compared in terms of the need for additional vertical incisions, the use of additional fixation devices such as membrane fixation screws, and the incidence of accidental flap perforation. Postoperative pain and swelling were recorded for one week following surgery in both groups. Results During surgery, all cases in the TFF group required vertical incisions extending beyond the mucogingival junction. In the CF group, 13 cases (31.0%) did not require additional vertical incisions, and 29 cases（69.0%）required small vertical incisions terminating at the mucogingival junction. No flap perforations occurred in the TFF group, while in the CF group, there were 2 cases (4.8%) of accidental flap perforation during periosteal incision and flap release. For collagen membrane fixation, in the TFF group, 22 cases (46.8%) used membrane fixation screws at the crest, and 25 cases (53.2%) used screws at the apex; in the CF group, 18 cases (42.9%) used membrane fixation screws at the crest, but no screws were needed at the apex. No postoperative infections or bone graft material exposure were observed in either group. Although pain levels were lower in the TFF group compared to those in the CF group on postoperative days 1, 3, 5, and 7, no statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups ( P>0.05). Similarly, while swelling levels were lower in the TFF group than in the CF group on postoperative days 1, 3, and 5, no statistically significant difference was found between the two groups ( P>0.05). However, on postoperative day 7, swelling was significantly lower in the TFF group than in the CF group ( P<0.05). Conclusion Both techniques could achieve effective flap advancement and primary wound closure following GBR procedures. There was no significant difference in postoperative pain between the two groups during the entire observation period, and no significant difference in swelling on postoperative days 1, 3, and 5, except that swelling in the CF group was slightly more severe than in the TFF group on postoperative day 7. As a modified flap advancement technique, CF is more technically sensitive than the classic TFF. However, when CF is applied in the posterior mandible, it can reduce the use of additional vertical incisions, which benefits blood supply and reduces surgical invasiveness. Additionally, it can retain the collagen membrane by using the apical periosteal "pocket", thus eliminating the use of membrane fixation screws at the apex of the surgical area and decreasing the risk of damaging adjacent anatomical structures. Therefore, the combination flap technique has good clinical applicability and potential for widespread adoption. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances in basic and clinical research on the socket-shield technique Feng Shenghui, Pan Xiaobo, Tang Zengbin, Long Xiaojie, Yang Yujie Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (2): 169-175.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.04.011 Abstract （267）      PDF （1636KB）（445）       Knowledge map    Save Achieving predictable aesthetic outcomes in implant restoration of the anterior zone remains a major challenge, particularly in preserving and reconstructing the peri-implant soft and hard tissues to ensure harmony with adjacent teeth. The socket-shield technique (SST) effectively maintains the alveolar ridge contour and reduces soft tissue collapse by preserving the biological integrity of the bundled bone-periodontal ligament complex. This technique enhances the aesthetic outcomes of implant therapy. This article summarizes and discusses the background, evidence-based support, clinical applications, and prognosis of SST, aiming to provide a reference for clinical dentists performing anterior implant restoration. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on the effects of osteoblast/osteoclast axis on bone metabolism in diabetes mellitus Wang Ziyang, Ma Xudong Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (2): 176-179.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.04.012 Abstract （265）      PDF （1256KB）（526）       Knowledge map    Save The osteoblast/osteoclast axis is a key regulatory system in bone metabolism, in which osteoblasts and osteoclasts interact and regulate each other through multiple signaling pathways to maintain skeletal homeostasis. Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by absolute or relative insulin deficiency, leading to impaired osseointegration and reduced success rates of implant therapy. This paper reviews the biological role of the osteoblast/osteoclast axis and the impact of diabetes mellitus on its regulation. It also discusses potential strategies for modulating this axis to enhance osseointegration in diabetic patients and improve the clinical success of implant treatment. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of bone densification technique combined with plasma matrix in transalveolar technique for sinus floor elevation Wang Yulan, Zeng Hao, Xia Ting, Zhang Yufeng Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (2): 106-110.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.04.003 Abstract （263）      PDF （1496KB）（622）       Knowledge map    Save The patient had been missing right maxillary posterior teeth for several months and requested implant restoration. CBCT examination revealed an alveolar bone height of less than 5 mm in the edentulous area, an inclined sinus floor morphology, and low bone density. A combination of bone densification technique and plasma matrix was used to perform transalveolar sinus floor elevation and implant placement simultaneously. No sinus membrane perforation occurred intraoperatively, and no postoperative infections or complications were observed. A six-month follow-up showed successful osseointegration, sufficient bone volume, and smooth completion of the second-stage surgery, impression-taking, and final prosthetic restoration. In this case, the bone densification technique enhanced bone density by compacting bone and elevating the sinus membrane. The plasma matrix, rich in growth factors, effectively protected the sinus membrane, reduced potential complications, and improved bone regeneration outcomes. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of probiotics in the management of peri-implant diseases Li Meiqi, Sun Xiaolin, Wang Lin Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (1): 91-96.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.02.016 Abstract （261）      PDF （1434KB）（871）       Knowledge map    Save Peri-implant diseases are chronic inflammatory conditions caused by microbial dysbiosis, primarily manifesting as soft tissue inflammation and supporting bone destruction, which can lead to implant loss. Due to their high prevalence and complex etiology, these diseases have emerged as significant public health concerns. Current treatments mainly rely on traditional methods such as mechanical debridement and antibiotic therapy; however, these approaches have notable limitations. In recent years, probiotics have garnered attention as an emerging biological therapy due to their potential to regulate the microbiome and immune response, showing promise in the prevention and treatment of peri-implant diseases. This review provides an overview of the current applications of probiotics in peri-implant diseases, analyzes their mechanisms of action, and summarizes existing clinical research findings. The goal is to provide new insights for improving treatment outcomes in peri-implant diseases, ultimately aiming to offer patients a more comprehensive oral health management strategy. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A new classification of the edentulous atrophic maxillae based on zygomatic implant surgery and immediate loading protocols Wu Yiqun, Wang Feng, Tao Baoxin Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (3): 203-208.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.06.002 Abstract （253）      PDF （2220KB）（360）       Knowledge map    Save Immediate loading in edentulous maxillae remains a clinical focus, particularly challenging in cases with moderate to severe atrophy. While the effectiveness of dental implants for immediate loading of the edentulous maxillae has been increasingly proven, accomplishing this in cases with inadequate bone volume is notably important and presents a significant challenge. Multiple methods have been proposed to achieve feasibility and safety for immediate loading of edentulous jaws, however, they can neither meet the complex situations of various clinical cases nor provide clear guidance for protocol selection in clinical practice. This article is based on the significant development of zygomatic implant surgery in recent years and proposes a new classification of the edentulous maxillae based on zygomatic implant surgery and corresponding immediate loading protocols. The classification and immediate loading protocols are as follows: 1. The bone volume in the bilateral second premolar area (5-5) is sufficient, and at least four conventional dental implants, including tilted implants, can be placed without bone augmentation to achieve immediate loading; 2. The bone volume in the first premolar area (4-4) on both sides is sufficient, and at least two conventional dental implants can be inserted without bone grafting. Immediate loading can be achieved by combining 2-4 conventional dental implants in the anterior area with zygomatic implants in both posterior regions; 3. There is insufficient bone volume in the second premolar area (5-5) on both sides, while the bone volume in the molar areas is sufficient, and at least one conventional dental implant can be placed on each molar side. Zygomatic implants are used in the anterior area on both sides, and conventional implants are used in the posterior areas to achieve immediate loading;4. Insufficient volume is observed in the full maxilla (7-7). Immediate loading can be achieved by quad zygomatic implant surgery. This classification and the corresponding immediate loading protocols aim to cover various complex clinical scenarios of edentulous maxillae, providing a reference and indication for the selection of immediate loading plans for these patients. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Strive steadily and reach far, together we forge the future Su Yucheng Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (1): 1-2.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.02.001 Abstract （244）      PDF （1382KB）（478）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics

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Retrospective study on the prevalence and risk factors of proximal contact loss between implant-supported fixed restorations and adjacent natural teeth Niu Yimeng, Zhong Weijian Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (2): 151-160.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.04.009 Abstract （243）      PDF （1694KB）（455）       Knowledge map    Save Objective This study aimed to observe the incidence of proximal contact loss (PCL) between implant-supported fixed prostheses and adjacent natural teeth in the posterior region and to analyze the risk factors. Methods A total of 103 patients who underwent ISFPs placement in the posterior regions were enrolled in this study, comprising 226 implants and 233 interproximal contact points. A 50 μm metal shim and dental floss were used to assess proximal contact tightness. Kaplan-Meier analysis, univariate log-rank test, multivariate Cox regression analysis, and Spearman rank correlation analysis were used to evaluate the association of patient characteristics, implant location, adjacent tooth bone support level, and opposing dentition status with PCL occurrence. Results The incidence of PCL was 68.0% at the patient level and 36.9% at the contact site level. The incidence of mesial PCL (46.6%) was significantly higher than that of distal PCL (15.3%). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that food impaction, marginal ridge height discrepancy, peri-implantitis, gingival inflammation, and an adjacent tooth bone support level >3/8 were independent risk factors for PCL. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a progressive increase in PCL incidence over time, reaching 50.0% at the contact site level at the 6-year follow-up. Spearman rank correlation analysis showed that there was a positive correlation between the gap size of PCL and follow-up duration ( rs=0.303). The mean PCL gap size was about 0.239 mm, and the maximum value was 0.800 mm. Conclusion This study found that food impaction was one of the most significant risk factors for PCL, although a bidirectional causal relationship may exist between the two. Over time, both PCL incidence and gap size increased progressively. Clinically, regular follow-up visits after implant placement are recommended to monitor and manage PCL. Risk-based interventions, including occlusal adjustment, restorative modifications, or crown replacement, may help prevent and treat PCL effectively. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of tilted implants in rehabilitation of the edentulous maxilla Guo Houzuo, Di Ping Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (3): 234-242.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.06.006 Abstract （243）      PDF （1397KB）（583）       Knowledge map    Save Edentulous maxillary patients often face the clinical challenge of insufficient residual bone volume during implant rehabilitation. By optimizing the three-dimensional positioning of implants, the tilted implantation technique maximizes the utilization of existing anatomical bone structures while avoiding the risks associated with bone augmentation procedures, thereby achieving favorable primary stability. Compared to traditional bone grafting protocols, this approach significantly reduces surgical trauma and supports immediate loading, effectively shortening the overall treatment duration. With advancements in oral implantology, tilted implantation has demonstrated significant clinical advantages in the rehabilitation of the edentulous maxilla. This article systematically reviewed the application progress of the tilted implantation technique in maxillary edentulous rehabilitation from the perspectives of clinical indications, surgical protocols, and clinical prognosis. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of short implants in the edentulous maxilla Zhou Yanmin, Luo Jiaxin Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (3): 209-216.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.06.003 Abstract （239）      PDF （1370KB）（383）       Knowledge map    Save Patients with edentulous maxillae often face the challenge of insufficient bone height due to factors such as alveolar bone resorption and maxillary sinus pneumatization, making it difficult for traditional implants to achieve adequate primary stability. Short implants (typically less than 8 mm in length) have emerged as an innovative solution for addressing insufficient bone volume and have shown great potential in the field of maxillary implant rehabilitation for edentulous patients in recent years. This article reviews the clinical applications of short implants in edentulous maxillae, including primary stability requirements, influencing factors, and prosthetic superstructure design considerations. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comprehensive sequential treatment of peri-implantitis based on etiological analysis: a case report Yang Rui, Xu Zhijie Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (2): 161-168.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.04.010 Abstract （229）      PDF （1682KB）（689）       Knowledge map    Save Peri-implantitis is an inflammatory disease of the peri-implant soft and hard tissues, primarily caused by plaque biofilms and influenced by multiple factors. This article presents the comprehensive sequential treatment process and follow-up results of a patient with peri-implantitis and discusses the optimal treatment approach. In this case, the implant prosthesis was first removed for non-surgical treatment to preliminarily control the infection, followed by bone regenerative surgery to reconstruct peri-implant bone tissue. Subsequently, free gingival grafting was performed to improve peri-implant soft tissue conditions, and the prosthesis morphology was adjusted and reinserted. Throughout the treatment and follow-up periods, both self-maintenance and professional maintenance were emphasized. After a 2-year follow-up, the peri-implant gingival redness, swelling, and suppuration subsided, the deep periodontal pockets resolved, and alveolar bone regeneration was achieved and maintained, resulting in a satisfactory therapeutic outcome. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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In vivo experiment of repairing mandibular first molar with different thread implants under immediate load in Beagle dogs Li Xinru, Cao Zepeng, Liu Yibo, Han Zekui, Zhou Libo Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (3): 255-261.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.06.009 Abstract （226）      PDF （1807KB）（378）       Knowledge map    Save Objective To investigate the effect of two kinds of implants with different thread designs on the biological distribution of the implant and the bone interface surrounding the mandibular molar area under immediate load. Methods Beagle dogs were employed for the immediate implantation and immediate loading model. The accuracy, implant stability quotient (ISQ), and osseointegration of the two implants were evaluated by histological analysis, and the stability and osseointegration of the two implants were evaluated in vivo. Results There were no significant differences in total error of implant point, total error of apical point, and angle error between conical cylindrical implants and double-threaded conical cylindrical implants ( P>0.05). There was no significant difference in ISQ values of the two types of implants in all directions 3 months after operation ( P>0.05). Histological observation at 3 months after surgery showed that conical cylindrical implants' BIC and BV/TV values were significantly lower than those of double-threaded conical cylindrical implants ( P<0.05). Conclusion The double-threaded cone-column design of double-threaded conical cylindrical implants has higher initial stability and bone binding rate during immediate implantation and immediate loading, suggesting that double-threaded conical cylindrical implants should be given priority when immediate implantation and immediate loading in the molar area. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Current status of zygomatic implantation: technological evolution and clinical application Chen Jingxia, Zhou Yanmin Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (3): 250-254.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.06.008 Abstract （220）      PDF （1364KB）（487）       Knowledge map    Save Zygomatic implantation, a clinical solution for patients with severe maxillary atrophy, overcomes the limitations of traditional implant procedures and enables the combined retention of maxilla-zygomatic implants. This paper systematically reviews the development of zygomatic implant technology, focusing on its application in the restoration of complex maxillary bone defects, the evolution of indications, and innovative treatment strategies. The purpose is to provide a theoretical basis and clinical support for precision treatment in the field of oral and maxillofacial repair. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on the effect of surface treatment on osseointegration of dental implants Wang Yingjie, Wang Mengxue, Cao Yu, Xu Ziman, Xu Yuou, Liu Lehua Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (4): 405-411.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.08.013 Abstract （219）      PDF （1333KB）（536）       Knowledge map    Save Osseointegration of implants is defined as the direct structural and functional connection between a loaded implant and the surrounding ordered bone tissue. This process is complex, involving the interactions among multiple cell types. Osteoblasts adhere to, proliferate on, and differentiate at the implant surface, and through a sequence of biological processes, they facilitate the integration of the implant with the adjacent bone tissue—an event pivotal to osseointegration. Robust osseointegration enhances implant stability, reduces the risk of infection, and thereby increases the success rate of restoration and improving patients’ quality of life. However, studies indicate that diabetes can impede the osseointegration process and lower the implant success rate. To enhance osseointegration in diabetic patients, researchers have developed a variety of novel materials and techniques, including continuous antibacterial materials, biological factor sustained-release materials and surface modification techniques. Among these, implant surface treatment has attracted significant attention due to its ability to improve osseointegration performance while enhancing biocompatibility and antibacterial properties. This article reviews the principles and efficacy of various implant surface treatment methods, such as mechanical treatments, coating technologies, and biomaterial scaffolds. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Long-term outcomes of maxillary sinus health after zygomatic implant treatment:a 16-year follow-up study Zhou Guohui Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (3): 217-223.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.06.004 Abstract （214）      PDF （1753KB）（392）       Knowledge map    Save Objective Maxillary sinusitis is the most common biological complication in zygomatic implant therapy, and the surgical technique and the pathway of zygomatic implants have long been considered closely associated with the occurrence of maxillary sinusitis. Although the exact pathogenic causes of maxillary sinusitis following zygomatic implant treatment remain unclear, clinicians continue to explore different surgical approaches to reduce the risk of maxillary sinusitis. The authors of this paper first introduced a zygomatic implant surgery combined with maxillary sinus floor elevation in 2010. Methods This study aims to investigate the long-term outcomes of maxillary sinus health in patients who underwent bilateral zygomatic implant treatment from 2007 to 2008, with a minimum follow-up period of 16 years. Results A total of 16 patients were included in the study, of whom 13 could be contacted. Only one patient presented with a history of recurrent maxillary sinusitis affecting the left side. Six patients agreed to undergo updated cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) examinations. Another asymptomatic patient presented with sinus opacity, and two more patients presented with radiological signs of maxillary sinus membrane thickening. Conclusion Zygomatic implant combined with the sinus floor elevation without bone grafting does not necessarily cause maxillary sinusitis. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression and clinical significance of matrix metalloproteinase-7 and -8 in the peri-implant mucosal sulcus fluid of patients with peri-implantitis Wang Fenying, Li Jing, Xu Xue Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (1): 62-67.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.02.011 Abstract （213）      PDF （1539KB）（428）       Knowledge map    Save Objective To analyze the levels of matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) and MMP-8 in peri-implant mucosal sulcus fluid and their correlation with periodontal clinical indexes, as well as to evaluate their prognostic significance in patients with peri-implantitis (PI). Methods 72 patients with PI in our hospital were selected as the PI group, and another 50 peri-implant healthy individuals were selected as the control group. The levels of MMP-7 and MMP-8 in the peri-implant mucosal sulcus fluid were detected and compared between the two groups. Their correlation with periodontal clinical indexes in PI patients was analyzed. Then, PI patients were divided into a good prognosis group ( n=49) and a poor prognosis groups ( n=23) according to the acute physiology and chronic health evaluationⅡ (APACHEⅡ) score. Peri-implant mucosal sulcus fluid MMP-7 and MMP-8 levels were compared between the two subgroups, and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyze their predictive efficacy of these markers for poor prognosis in PI patients. Results The modified plaque index (mPLI), modified sulcus bleeding index (mSBI), probing depth (PD), and levels of MMP-7 and MMP-8 in the peri-implant mucosal sulcus fluid in the PI group were significantly higher than the control group (all P<0.05). Correlation analysis showed that peri-implant mucosal sulcus fluid MMP-7 and MMP-8 levels were positively correlated with mPLI, mSBI, and PD ( r>0, P<0.05). The peri-implant mucosal sulcus fluid MMP-7 and MMP-8 levels in the poor prognosis group were higher than those in the good prognosis group (all P<0.05). ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the curve (AUC) for the peri-implant mucosal sulcus fluid MMP-7 and MMP-8 levels in predicting poor prognosis in PI patients was 0.712 and 0.786, respectively. The AUC for the combination of MMP-7 and MMP-8 in predicting poor prognosis was 0.823, which was significantly higher than that for MMP-7 alone ( Z=2.067, P=0.039). Conclusion MMP-7 and MMP-8 levels in the peri-implant mucosal sulcus fluid are closely related to periodontal clinical indexes in PI patients and have significant predictive value for poor prognosis. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Navigation-assisted digital surgical workflow for zygomatic implant-supported reconstruction of maxillary defects Su Guanyu, Wang Feng Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (3): 243-249.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.06.007 Abstract （198）      PDF （1660KB）（554）       Knowledge map    Save Maxillary bone defects severely compromise patients’ abilities to chew, speak, and swallow, and also significantly affect facial aesthetics. Traditional prosthetic rehabilitation and free flap reconstruction present inherent limitations in clinical practice. Zygomatic implant technology, by anchoring implants to the zygomatic bone, offers a novel approach for the functional and structural rehabilitation of maxillary defects. However, this technique involves complex craniofacial anatomical structures and demands high surgical precision and intraoperative stability. The clinical success of zygomatic implants largely depends on accurate preoperative planning and precise surgical execution. In recent years, the integration of digital technologies has greatly enhanced the accuracy and predictability of zygomatic implant surgery. This article systematically reviews the digital surgical workflow for managing maxillary defects with zygomatic implants, including multimodal imaging data acquisition and registration, prosthesis-driven implant planning, and the application of dynamic navigation systems and augmented reality technologies. Additionally, representative clinical cases are presented to illustrate the practical value of these digital technologies in zygomatic implant surgery for maxillary reconstruction. Looking ahead, with the continuous advancement of artificial intelligence and robotic-assisted surgical technologies, the degree of automation and intelligence in zygomatic implant procedures is expected to improve further, thereby promoting more personalized and precise solutions for maxillary defect rehabilitation. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances in the application of platelet-rich fibrin in sinus floor elevation Lyu Huixin, Zhou Yanmin Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (2): 127-134.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.04.006 Abstract （195）      PDF （1322KB）（447）       Knowledge map    Save Sinus floor elevation is an effective procedure for addressing bone deficiency in the posterior maxillary region. To achieve an ideal three-dimensional osteogenesis model for the maxillary sinus (3D-OMMS), which involves coordinated bone formation along the maxillary sinus floor wall, Schneiderian membrane, and implant surface, improvements in surgical techniques combined with the rational use of biomaterials are required. Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) not only releases various growth factors but also modulates local immune responses and promotes the proliferation of various cells, including stem cells. By harnessing the beneficial osteogenic potential from both the bone wound and the maxillary sinus membrane, PRF plays an active role in the 3D-OMMS. Therefore, it is recommended to use PRF in maxillary sinus floor elevation surgery. This review summarizes clinical evidence indicating that PRF alone, PRF combined with other biomaterials, and PRF utilized with the "tenting effect" of implants to elevate the Schneiderian membrane can all achieve stable outcomes in sinus floor elevation. Additionally, it offers a summary and recommendations for clinical decision-making regarding the use of PRF in sinus floor elevation procedures. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Influence of different implant collar designs on marginal bone resorption: a Meta-analysis Wan Ke, Hao Junjiang, Su Hanqi, Su Yucheng Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (3): 275-280.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.06.012 Abstract （194）      PDF （1613KB）（351）       Knowledge map    Save Objective To systematically evaluate the effect of smooth and rough implant collars on marginal bone resorption. Methods A systematic search was conducted in Embase, PubMed, CNKI, and Wanfang databases from inception to June 2024. Two independent reviewers screened, analyzed, and assessed the relevant literature. Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.4 and Stata 15.0. Results Seven studies, involving 702 implants, were included. The meta-analysis showed that marginal bone resorption in the rough collar group was significantly lower than in the smooth collar group [ MD=0.34,95% CI (0.08,0.61), P<0.05]. Subgroup analysis showed that the advantage of the rough collar in preserving marginal bone was more significant when the implant placement duration was less than 12 months. Conclusion Based on the available data, the rough implant collar is more favorable for marginal bone preservation compared to the smooth collar. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics