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Research progress and clinical application of dental implant macro-design Cai Wenyu, Ma Junchi, Zhao Wenbo, Wang Yiming, Zhou Libo Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (2): 180-186.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.04.013 Abstract （517）      PDF （1295KB）（1178）       Knowledge map    Save In recent years, the design of implant configurations has been continuously optimized, playing a key role in improving initial stability and promoting osseointegration, which are key factors for achieving long-term functional stability of implants. However, there is still no unified consensus on the optimal implant configuration. This article explores various aspects of implant design, including the neck structure, thread pattern, overall shape, apex features, diameter, and length, with different bone qualities and clinical conditions, such as immediate and delayed implantation, as well as anterior and posterior implantation sites. By summarizing the most favorable implant configurations identified in current research, this review aims to provide a reference for clinical applications. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A case report of a peri-implant cyst Xu Manjun, Liu Chunjie, Sun Licong, Li Hong, Guo Fujun Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (4): 384-387.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.08.009 Abstract （422）      PDF （1599KB）（596）       Knowledge map    Save This paper reports a case of a peri-implant cyst associated with periapical periodontitis of the adjacent tooth. The patient presented with swelling and pain around the implant at site 47 in the right mandible, and the diagnosis was confirmed by cone beam computed tomography and other examinations. Treatment included removal of the loosened implant at site 47 and curettage of the cystic lesion. Additionally, a partial root resection and lesion curettage were performed on tooth 46. Histopathological examination confirmed an odontogenic cyst with secondary infection. Follow-up showed satisfactory wound healing without complications. Based on an in-depth analysis of this case and a review of the relevant literature, we comprehensively discuss the etiology, clinical features, diagnostic approaches, and prevention and treatment strategies for peri-implant cysts. This report aims to provide valuable insights for oral implant clinicians to enhance understanding, diagnosis, and management of this condition. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Oral implantology and medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) Su Yucheng Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (4): 317-330.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.08.001 Abstract （376）      PDF （2181KB）（660）       Knowledge map    Save Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) has emerged as a serious complication associated with antiresorptive therapy and anti-angiogenic therapy, and has received increasing attention in recent years.In implant patients, severe MRONJ can lead to devastating consequences for the jawbone, with few effective preventive strategies currently available.Although a substantial body of literature on MRONJ exists, it often lacks systematic organization.Therefore, this review discusses the definition, incidence, etiology and pathogenesis, staging, diagnostic criteria, histopathological manifestations, risk factors, prevention, and treatment strategies for MRONJ. Special emphasis is placed on the risks and management of peri-implant MRONJ (PI-MRONJ). Despite the lack of consensus on many aspects of MRONJ, the objective discussion in this article presents current research progress to clinicians and provide references for the prevention and treatment of MRONJ and PI-MRONJ. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the utilization of sticky bone in bone regeneration Liang Yixin, Qu Zhe Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (2): 111-117.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.04.004 Abstract （361）      PDF （1622KB）（1022）       Knowledge map    Save The high concentrations of growth factors within platelets have been proven to promote cell migration, proliferation, and angiogenesis during the regeneration process. Multiple efforts have been exerted to blend them with bone substitute materials, to fabricate "sticky bone" for easier manipulation by surgeons. While autologous and allogeneic bone grafts are limited by donor site availability and biocompatibility issues, synthetic bone grafts exhibit significant advantages in terms of biocompatibility. The integration of growth factors into these porous synthetic grafts can effectively stimulate cell growth and differentiation, thereby enhancing osteogenic potential. This paper reviews the research and advancements in sticky bone for bone regeneration, elaborating on the fabrication and characterization of sticky bone materials. Moreover, it also highlights the promising outcomes and benefits of sticky bone in bone defect regeneration, substantiated by clinical data from both domestic and international studies. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of platelet-rich fibrin on bone regeneration Huang Lirong, Feng Zeru, Wu Hongkun, Mo Anchun Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (2): 118-126.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.04.005 Abstract （358）      PDF （1410KB）（633）       Knowledge map    Save Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), a second-generation autologous platelet concentrate, has been widely used in oral implantology and maxillofacial surgery due to its excellent biocompatibility and bone regeneration capacity. PRF facilitates osteoblast activation, angiogenesis, and bone remodeling by sustained release of growth factors through its three-dimensional fibrin network. It has shown significant potential in sinus floor elevation, bone augmentation, extraction site preservation, and immediate implant placement, improving implant stability and survival rates. Additionally, PRF has shown efficacy in the treatment of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) by reducing infection, alleviating inflammation, and promoting tissue healing. However, PRF's clinical outcomes are influenced by individual physiological differences, preparation methods, and degradation rates. PRF's long-term osteogenic effects, especially in severe bone defects, remain inconsistent. Optimizing centrifugation parameters, blood collection tube materials, and fiber structure, as well as combining PRF with bone grafts, antimicrobial drugs, and biomimetic scaffolds, can enhance its performance. Additionally, PRF combined with nanomaterials and hydrogel scaffolds shows potential advantages in angiogenesis and tissue regeneration, though long-term follow-up data remain limited. In conclusion, PRF holds significant promise in bone regeneration. However, further studies are required to establish standardized preparation protocols and multidisciplinary strategies to improve its clinical stability and efficacy. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Finite element analysis of a novel 3D-printed temporary fixed prosthesis for edentulous jaws under multidirectional loading Zhang Chuankai, Zhang Jiayuan, Pan Yulei, Chen Qingsheng, Lin Haiyan Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (2): 135-143.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.04.007 Abstract （357）      PDF （1550KB）（450）       Knowledge map    Save Objective This study aimed to investigate the biomechanical properties of a novel 3D-printed temporary fixed denture for edentulous jaws using finite element analysis, and to compare its mechanical performance with that of conventional non-3D-printed polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and 3D-printed polylactic acid (PLA). Methods A three-dimensional finite element model of a mandible with complete edentulism was established based on a patient treated with an implant-supported temporary fixed prosthesis at Hangzhou Stomatological Hospital (Pinghai Campus) in May 2024. Three materials were analyzed: polyetheretherketone (PEEK, A1), polylactic acid (PLA, A2), and 3D-printed light-curing temporary crown and bridge resin for additive manufacturing (A3). A static load of 150 N was applied to anterior and posterior crowns and bridges in eight different directions: vertical load on posterior teeth (G1), right posterior buccal-to-lingual load (G2), right posterior lingual-to-buccal load (G3), left posterior buccal-to-lingual load (G4), left posterior lingual-to-buccal load (G5), vertical load on anterior teeth (G6), anterior labial-to-lingual load (G7), and anterior lingual-to-labial load( G8). Finite element analyses were performed using ANSYS 2021 R1 to evaluate the maximum Von Mises stress (MPa), maximum total deformation (mm), maximum Von Mises strain (mm), and stress distribution maps for each material. Results ①The maximum Von Mises stress of A1 (PEEK) was lower than A2 (PLA) in all directions, and A3 exhibited lower Von Mises stress than A2 in five directions.② A3 demonstrated lower maximum total deformation and Von Mises strain than A1 and A2 in seven directions; however, in direction G6 (vertical load on anterior teeth), A3 exhibited the largest total deformation and Von Mises strain. ③For anterior loading, the greatest deformation was concentrated at the incisal edge, with Von Mises strain evenly distributed across the anterior teeth and stress concentrated around the connector of the prosthesis.④For posterior loading, the greatest deformation was located at the distal margin of the mandibular second molar, with relatively uniform strain distribution in posterior regions, and peak stress located at the implant-abutment connection. Conclusion The novel 3D-printed temporary fixed denture for edentulous jaws demonstrated partially superior mechanical properties compared to both PEEK and PLA materials under simulated functional loading. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on the bone window in lateral window technique for sinus floor elevation Zhang Heng, Zhou Yiqun Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (2): 187-192.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.04.014 Abstract （347）      PDF （1276KB）（449）       Knowledge map    Save The lateral window technique for sinus floor elevation is a key approach to address insufficient alveolar bone height in posterior maxillary implant surgery, and research in this area has been continuously advancing. With ongoing improvements in bone window design and the application of digital technology, significant progress has been made in reducing intraoperative complications, minimizing postoperative trauma, enhancing osteogenesis, and increasing implant survival rates. This review summarizes the design aspects of the bone window, including its shape, size, and position, as well as the application of digital technology in the lateral window technique for sinus floor elevation, aiming to provide a reference for bone window selection in this surgical procedure. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances in barrier membranes for guided bone regeneration in oral applications Li Guangda, Ding Mingchao, Chang Xin, Jing Boya, Wang Jingfu, Wang Weiqi Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (3): 288-295.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.06.014 Abstract （345）      PDF （1397KB）（1057）       Knowledge map    Save Guided bone regeneration (GBR) has become a standard clinical approach for the treatment of localized jawbone defects. In this process, barrier membranes play an important role by preventing the migration of soft tissue from the mucosal side into the bone defect area, thereby maintaining a secluded space for bone regeneration. The biological properties and clinical performance of different membranes vary depending on their origin, fabrication methods, and structural characteristics. This paper summarizes the biological functions and mechanisms of commonly used barrier membranes in GBR, with a particular focus on the properties of different membrane types. The advantages and limitations of these biomaterials are discussed, along with their clinical applications and potential directions for future material development. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on the effects of osteoblast/osteoclast axis on bone metabolism in diabetes mellitus Wang Ziyang, Ma Xudong Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (2): 176-179.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.04.012 Abstract （327）      PDF （1256KB）（621）       Knowledge map    Save The osteoblast/osteoclast axis is a key regulatory system in bone metabolism, in which osteoblasts and osteoclasts interact and regulate each other through multiple signaling pathways to maintain skeletal homeostasis. Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by absolute or relative insulin deficiency, leading to impaired osseointegration and reduced success rates of implant therapy. This paper reviews the biological role of the osteoblast/osteoclast axis and the impact of diabetes mellitus on its regulation. It also discusses potential strategies for modulating this axis to enhance osseointegration in diabetic patients and improve the clinical success of implant treatment. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The application of platelet-rich fibrin in peri-implant soft tissue augmentation Fu Li, Zhou Yanmin Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (2): 98-105.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.04.002 Abstract （326）      PDF （1651KB）（618）       Knowledge map    Save Soft tissue augmentation is an effective technique for improving both the quality and contour of peri-implant soft tissues. The selection of surgical procedures and materials has been a major focus of ongoing research. In recent years, the application of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) in soft tissue augmentation procedures has garnered significant attention. However, there remains a lack of systematic discussion regarding its indications, application methods, and clinical outcomes. This article reviews the clinical strategies for soft tissue augmentation, and explores the mechanisms, research progress, and clinical effects related to PRF in peri-implant tissue augmentation, aiming to provide valuable insights for clinical application. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of trapezoidal full-thickness flap and combination flap in guided bone regeneration in the posterior mandible Hu Xiucheng, Sun Shichen, Wu Binbin, Wu Dan, Sun Haipeng Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (2): 144-150.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.04.008 Abstract （321）      PDF （1397KB）（651）       Knowledge map    Save Objective This study aimed to investigate the clinical advantages and disadvantages of two flap advancement techniques, trapezoidal full-thickness flap (TFF) and combination flap (CF), in guided bone regeneration (GBR) in the posterior mandible, and to compare the differences in postoperative pain and swelling levels between the two techniques. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 89 patients who underwent single posterior mandibular implant placement with simultaneously guided bone regeneration in our hospital from September 2023 to May 2024. The patients were divided into two groups according to the flap advancement technique: the TFF group (47 patients) and the CF group (42 patients). The two groups were compared in terms of the need for additional vertical incisions, the use of additional fixation devices such as membrane fixation screws, and the incidence of accidental flap perforation. Postoperative pain and swelling were recorded for one week following surgery in both groups. Results During surgery, all cases in the TFF group required vertical incisions extending beyond the mucogingival junction. In the CF group, 13 cases (31.0%) did not require additional vertical incisions, and 29 cases（69.0%）required small vertical incisions terminating at the mucogingival junction. No flap perforations occurred in the TFF group, while in the CF group, there were 2 cases (4.8%) of accidental flap perforation during periosteal incision and flap release. For collagen membrane fixation, in the TFF group, 22 cases (46.8%) used membrane fixation screws at the crest, and 25 cases (53.2%) used screws at the apex; in the CF group, 18 cases (42.9%) used membrane fixation screws at the crest, but no screws were needed at the apex. No postoperative infections or bone graft material exposure were observed in either group. Although pain levels were lower in the TFF group compared to those in the CF group on postoperative days 1, 3, 5, and 7, no statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups ( P>0.05). Similarly, while swelling levels were lower in the TFF group than in the CF group on postoperative days 1, 3, and 5, no statistically significant difference was found between the two groups ( P>0.05). However, on postoperative day 7, swelling was significantly lower in the TFF group than in the CF group ( P<0.05). Conclusion Both techniques could achieve effective flap advancement and primary wound closure following GBR procedures. There was no significant difference in postoperative pain between the two groups during the entire observation period, and no significant difference in swelling on postoperative days 1, 3, and 5, except that swelling in the CF group was slightly more severe than in the TFF group on postoperative day 7. As a modified flap advancement technique, CF is more technically sensitive than the classic TFF. However, when CF is applied in the posterior mandible, it can reduce the use of additional vertical incisions, which benefits blood supply and reduces surgical invasiveness. Additionally, it can retain the collagen membrane by using the apical periosteal "pocket", thus eliminating the use of membrane fixation screws at the apex of the surgical area and decreasing the risk of damaging adjacent anatomical structures. Therefore, the combination flap technique has good clinical applicability and potential for widespread adoption. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of bone densification technique combined with plasma matrix in transalveolar technique for sinus floor elevation Wang Yulan, Zeng Hao, Xia Ting, Zhang Yufeng Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (2): 106-110.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.04.003 Abstract （312）      PDF （1496KB）（750）       Knowledge map    Save The patient had been missing right maxillary posterior teeth for several months and requested implant restoration. CBCT examination revealed an alveolar bone height of less than 5 mm in the edentulous area, an inclined sinus floor morphology, and low bone density. A combination of bone densification technique and plasma matrix was used to perform transalveolar sinus floor elevation and implant placement simultaneously. No sinus membrane perforation occurred intraoperatively, and no postoperative infections or complications were observed. A six-month follow-up showed successful osseointegration, sufficient bone volume, and smooth completion of the second-stage surgery, impression-taking, and final prosthetic restoration. In this case, the bone densification technique enhanced bone density by compacting bone and elevating the sinus membrane. The plasma matrix, rich in growth factors, effectively protected the sinus membrane, reduced potential complications, and improved bone regeneration outcomes. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances in basic and clinical research on the socket-shield technique Feng Shenghui, Pan Xiaobo, Tang Zengbin, Long Xiaojie, Yang Yujie Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (2): 169-175.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.04.011 Abstract （310）      PDF （1636KB）（542）       Knowledge map    Save Achieving predictable aesthetic outcomes in implant restoration of the anterior zone remains a major challenge, particularly in preserving and reconstructing the peri-implant soft and hard tissues to ensure harmony with adjacent teeth. The socket-shield technique (SST) effectively maintains the alveolar ridge contour and reduces soft tissue collapse by preserving the biological integrity of the bundled bone-periodontal ligament complex. This technique enhances the aesthetic outcomes of implant therapy. This article summarizes and discusses the background, evidence-based support, clinical applications, and prognosis of SST, aiming to provide a reference for clinical dentists performing anterior implant restoration. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A new classification of the edentulous atrophic maxillae based on zygomatic implant surgery and immediate loading protocols Wu Yiqun, Wang Feng, Tao Baoxin Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (3): 203-208.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.06.002 Abstract （305）      PDF （2220KB）（451）       Knowledge map    Save Immediate loading in edentulous maxillae remains a clinical focus, particularly challenging in cases with moderate to severe atrophy. While the effectiveness of dental implants for immediate loading of the edentulous maxillae has been increasingly proven, accomplishing this in cases with inadequate bone volume is notably important and presents a significant challenge. Multiple methods have been proposed to achieve feasibility and safety for immediate loading of edentulous jaws, however, they can neither meet the complex situations of various clinical cases nor provide clear guidance for protocol selection in clinical practice. This article is based on the significant development of zygomatic implant surgery in recent years and proposes a new classification of the edentulous maxillae based on zygomatic implant surgery and corresponding immediate loading protocols. The classification and immediate loading protocols are as follows: 1. The bone volume in the bilateral second premolar area (5-5) is sufficient, and at least four conventional dental implants, including tilted implants, can be placed without bone augmentation to achieve immediate loading; 2. The bone volume in the first premolar area (4-4) on both sides is sufficient, and at least two conventional dental implants can be inserted without bone grafting. Immediate loading can be achieved by combining 2-4 conventional dental implants in the anterior area with zygomatic implants in both posterior regions; 3. There is insufficient bone volume in the second premolar area (5-5) on both sides, while the bone volume in the molar areas is sufficient, and at least one conventional dental implant can be placed on each molar side. Zygomatic implants are used in the anterior area on both sides, and conventional implants are used in the posterior areas to achieve immediate loading;4. Insufficient volume is observed in the full maxilla (7-7). Immediate loading can be achieved by quad zygomatic implant surgery. This classification and the corresponding immediate loading protocols aim to cover various complex clinical scenarios of edentulous maxillae, providing a reference and indication for the selection of immediate loading plans for these patients. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of tilted implants in rehabilitation of the edentulous maxilla Guo Houzuo, Di Ping Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (3): 234-242.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.06.006 Abstract （304）      PDF （1397KB）（747）       Knowledge map    Save Edentulous maxillary patients often face the clinical challenge of insufficient residual bone volume during implant rehabilitation. By optimizing the three-dimensional positioning of implants, the tilted implantation technique maximizes the utilization of existing anatomical bone structures while avoiding the risks associated with bone augmentation procedures, thereby achieving favorable primary stability. Compared to traditional bone grafting protocols, this approach significantly reduces surgical trauma and supports immediate loading, effectively shortening the overall treatment duration. With advancements in oral implantology, tilted implantation has demonstrated significant clinical advantages in the rehabilitation of the edentulous maxilla. This article systematically reviewed the application progress of the tilted implantation technique in maxillary edentulous rehabilitation from the perspectives of clinical indications, surgical protocols, and clinical prognosis. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Retrospective study on the prevalence and risk factors of proximal contact loss between implant-supported fixed restorations and adjacent natural teeth Niu Yimeng, Zhong Weijian Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (2): 151-160.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.04.009 Abstract （289）      PDF （1694KB）（541）       Knowledge map    Save Objective This study aimed to observe the incidence of proximal contact loss (PCL) between implant-supported fixed prostheses and adjacent natural teeth in the posterior region and to analyze the risk factors. Methods A total of 103 patients who underwent ISFPs placement in the posterior regions were enrolled in this study, comprising 226 implants and 233 interproximal contact points. A 50 μm metal shim and dental floss were used to assess proximal contact tightness. Kaplan-Meier analysis, univariate log-rank test, multivariate Cox regression analysis, and Spearman rank correlation analysis were used to evaluate the association of patient characteristics, implant location, adjacent tooth bone support level, and opposing dentition status with PCL occurrence. Results The incidence of PCL was 68.0% at the patient level and 36.9% at the contact site level. The incidence of mesial PCL (46.6%) was significantly higher than that of distal PCL (15.3%). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that food impaction, marginal ridge height discrepancy, peri-implantitis, gingival inflammation, and an adjacent tooth bone support level >3/8 were independent risk factors for PCL. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a progressive increase in PCL incidence over time, reaching 50.0% at the contact site level at the 6-year follow-up. Spearman rank correlation analysis showed that there was a positive correlation between the gap size of PCL and follow-up duration ( rs=0.303). The mean PCL gap size was about 0.239 mm, and the maximum value was 0.800 mm. Conclusion This study found that food impaction was one of the most significant risk factors for PCL, although a bidirectional causal relationship may exist between the two. Over time, both PCL incidence and gap size increased progressively. Clinically, regular follow-up visits after implant placement are recommended to monitor and manage PCL. Risk-based interventions, including occlusal adjustment, restorative modifications, or crown replacement, may help prevent and treat PCL effectively. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on the effect of surface treatment on osseointegration of dental implants Wang Yingjie, Wang Mengxue, Cao Yu, Xu Ziman, Xu Yuou, Liu Lehua Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (4): 405-411.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.08.013 Abstract （287）      PDF （1333KB）（889）       Knowledge map    Save Osseointegration of implants is defined as the direct structural and functional connection between a loaded implant and the surrounding ordered bone tissue. This process is complex, involving the interactions among multiple cell types. Osteoblasts adhere to, proliferate on, and differentiate at the implant surface, and through a sequence of biological processes, they facilitate the integration of the implant with the adjacent bone tissue—an event pivotal to osseointegration. Robust osseointegration enhances implant stability, reduces the risk of infection, and thereby increases the success rate of restoration and improving patients’ quality of life. However, studies indicate that diabetes can impede the osseointegration process and lower the implant success rate. To enhance osseointegration in diabetic patients, researchers have developed a variety of novel materials and techniques, including continuous antibacterial materials, biological factor sustained-release materials and surface modification techniques. Among these, implant surface treatment has attracted significant attention due to its ability to improve osseointegration performance while enhancing biocompatibility and antibacterial properties. This article reviews the principles and efficacy of various implant surface treatment methods, such as mechanical treatments, coating technologies, and biomaterial scaffolds. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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In vivo experiment of repairing mandibular first molar with different thread implants under immediate load in Beagle dogs Li Xinru, Cao Zepeng, Liu Yibo, Han Zekui, Zhou Libo Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (3): 255-261.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.06.009 Abstract （277）      PDF （1807KB）（529）       Knowledge map    Save Objective To investigate the effect of two kinds of implants with different thread designs on the biological distribution of the implant and the bone interface surrounding the mandibular molar area under immediate load. Methods Beagle dogs were employed for the immediate implantation and immediate loading model. The accuracy, implant stability quotient (ISQ), and osseointegration of the two implants were evaluated by histological analysis, and the stability and osseointegration of the two implants were evaluated in vivo. Results There were no significant differences in total error of implant point, total error of apical point, and angle error between conical cylindrical implants and double-threaded conical cylindrical implants ( P>0.05). There was no significant difference in ISQ values of the two types of implants in all directions 3 months after operation ( P>0.05). Histological observation at 3 months after surgery showed that conical cylindrical implants' BIC and BV/TV values were significantly lower than those of double-threaded conical cylindrical implants ( P<0.05). Conclusion The double-threaded cone-column design of double-threaded conical cylindrical implants has higher initial stability and bone binding rate during immediate implantation and immediate loading, suggesting that double-threaded conical cylindrical implants should be given priority when immediate implantation and immediate loading in the molar area. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of short implants in the edentulous maxilla Zhou Yanmin, Luo Jiaxin Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (3): 209-216.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.06.003 Abstract （276）      PDF （1370KB）（472）       Knowledge map    Save Patients with edentulous maxillae often face the challenge of insufficient bone height due to factors such as alveolar bone resorption and maxillary sinus pneumatization, making it difficult for traditional implants to achieve adequate primary stability. Short implants (typically less than 8 mm in length) have emerged as an innovative solution for addressing insufficient bone volume and have shown great potential in the field of maxillary implant rehabilitation for edentulous patients in recent years. This article reviews the clinical applications of short implants in edentulous maxillae, including primary stability requirements, influencing factors, and prosthetic superstructure design considerations. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Current status of zygomatic implantation: technological evolution and clinical application Chen Jingxia, Zhou Yanmin Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (3): 250-254.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.06.008 Abstract （276）      PDF （1364KB）（699）       Knowledge map    Save Zygomatic implantation, a clinical solution for patients with severe maxillary atrophy, overcomes the limitations of traditional implant procedures and enables the combined retention of maxilla-zygomatic implants. This paper systematically reviews the development of zygomatic implant technology, focusing on its application in the restoration of complex maxillary bone defects, the evolution of indications, and innovative treatment strategies. The purpose is to provide a theoretical basis and clinical support for precision treatment in the field of oral and maxillofacial repair. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comprehensive sequential treatment of peri-implantitis based on etiological analysis: a case report Yang Rui, Xu Zhijie Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (2): 161-168.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.04.010 Abstract （275）      PDF （1682KB）（912）       Knowledge map    Save Peri-implantitis is an inflammatory disease of the peri-implant soft and hard tissues, primarily caused by plaque biofilms and influenced by multiple factors. This article presents the comprehensive sequential treatment process and follow-up results of a patient with peri-implantitis and discusses the optimal treatment approach. In this case, the implant prosthesis was first removed for non-surgical treatment to preliminarily control the infection, followed by bone regenerative surgery to reconstruct peri-implant bone tissue. Subsequently, free gingival grafting was performed to improve peri-implant soft tissue conditions, and the prosthesis morphology was adjusted and reinserted. Throughout the treatment and follow-up periods, both self-maintenance and professional maintenance were emphasized. After a 2-year follow-up, the peri-implant gingival redness, swelling, and suppuration subsided, the deep periodontal pockets resolved, and alveolar bone regeneration was achieved and maintained, resulting in a satisfactory therapeutic outcome. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Long-term outcomes of maxillary sinus health after zygomatic implant treatment:a 16-year follow-up study Zhou Guohui Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (3): 217-223.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.06.004 Abstract （262）      PDF （1753KB）（487）       Knowledge map    Save Objective Maxillary sinusitis is the most common biological complication in zygomatic implant therapy, and the surgical technique and the pathway of zygomatic implants have long been considered closely associated with the occurrence of maxillary sinusitis. Although the exact pathogenic causes of maxillary sinusitis following zygomatic implant treatment remain unclear, clinicians continue to explore different surgical approaches to reduce the risk of maxillary sinusitis. The authors of this paper first introduced a zygomatic implant surgery combined with maxillary sinus floor elevation in 2010. Methods This study aims to investigate the long-term outcomes of maxillary sinus health in patients who underwent bilateral zygomatic implant treatment from 2007 to 2008, with a minimum follow-up period of 16 years. Results A total of 16 patients were included in the study, of whom 13 could be contacted. Only one patient presented with a history of recurrent maxillary sinusitis affecting the left side. Six patients agreed to undergo updated cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) examinations. Another asymptomatic patient presented with sinus opacity, and two more patients presented with radiological signs of maxillary sinus membrane thickening. Conclusion Zygomatic implant combined with the sinus floor elevation without bone grafting does not necessarily cause maxillary sinusitis. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Immediate loading with zygomatic implants for edentulous maxilla with giant maxillary sinus: a case report Kang Shibo, Ma Yina, Guo Aixia, Gao Peng, Ma Weiping, Cheng Xinghan, Yu Qiong, Zhang Dayong Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (3): 224-233.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.06.005 Abstract （257）      PDF （2276KB）（796）       Knowledge map    Save In this paper, a patient with severe alveolar bone atrophy in the maxillary posterior region, a giant pneumatized maxillary sinus, and insufficient restoration space underwent zygomatic implantation with immediate loading. Following extraction of the remaining maxillary teeth and occlusal space elevation by 6 mm using a temporary denture, bilateral maxillary zygomatic and inclined implants were placed. Immediate loading was completed 3 days after implant placement, and final restoration was achieved after 6 months. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the patient’s preoperative clinical data, the authors eliminated several alternative surgical approaches and ultimately selected the bilateral zygomatic implantation protocol, which successfully restored the patient's maxillary edentulism. By analyzing this case, the authors synthesized treatment principles and clinical experiences for the diagnosis and management of similar cases, providing valuable insights for addressing comparable implant scenarios. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Accuracy comparison of freehand, dynamic navigation, and robot-assisted implant placement Liu Haiyan, Zheng Yuchen, Ding Yude, Yang Fan, Wang Linhong Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (4): 341-348.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.08.003 Abstract （247）      PDF （1864KB）（713）       Knowledge map    Save Objective To investigate the differences in precision among various techniques in implant surgery by comparing the accuracy of freehand, dynamic navigation-assisted, and robot-assisted implant placement. Methods Patients who underwent implant surgery at Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital between January 2022 and December 2023 were retrospectively analyzed and divided into freehand, dynamic navigation, and robotic groups. Implant accuracy was assessed by comparing preoperative CBCT-designed implant positions with actual postoperative CBCT implant positions. Results A total of 87 cases (96 implants) were included in this study, including 30 cases (31 implants) in the freehand group, 28 cases (36 implants) in the dynamic navigation group, and 29 cases (29 implants) in the robot group. In the robot group, the total deviation at the starting point (0.91±0.46) mm, endpoint (1.05±0.61) mm, and angular deviation (3.07°±1.69°) were significantly lower than those in the freehand group [(1.42±0.86) mm, (2.00±1.18) mm, and 7.78°±3.58°] and the dynamic navigation group [(1.32±0.57) mm, (1.64±0.77) mm, and 4.59°±2.65°]. Conclusion Robot-assisted implantation demonstrates significant advantages in terms of precision when compared to dynamic navigation and freehand implantation. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of topical minocycline combined with conventional antibiotics on modified plaque index, sICAM-1, and IL-1β in patients with post-implantation infection after dental implant surgery Tang Mingchao, Zeng Qingxiang, Zhang Xiaoyan Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (4): 363-369.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.08.006 Abstract （239）      PDF （1381KB）（490）       Knowledge map    Save Objective To explore the effect of topical minocycline combined with conventional antibiotics on modified plaque index and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICMA-1) and interleukin-1β (1L-1β) after localized periodontitis. Methods A prospective study was conducted on 60 patients with localized periodontal disease who underwent dental implant surgery from May 2022 to September 2024. These patients were randomly divided into a control group and an observation group using a random number table method. The control group received routine antibiotics and conventional treatment for localized periodontal disease and dental implant surgery, while the observation group received minocycline hydrochloride ointment in addition to these treatments. The study compared the treatment outcomes, clinical indicators of periodontal soft tissue before and after intervention, and the levels of sICAM-1, IL-1β, matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). Results The total clinical effective rate in the observation group was 93.33%, which was higher than 70.00% in the control group ( P<0.05). After intervention, the peri-implant pocket depth, plaque index, peri-implant mucosa index, and clinical attachment loss in both groups decreased ( P<0.05), and those in the observation group were lower ( P< 0.001). At 3 days, 7 days, and 1 month after intervention, the levels of sICAM-1, IL-1β, and MMP-8 in the peri-implant sulcular fluid of the observation group were lower than those of the control group ( P<0.05), while the levels of SOD and GSH-Px in the peri-implant sulcular fluid were higher than those of the control group ( P<0.05). Conclusion Minocycline hydrochloride ointment can reduce the oxidative stress response after dental implant surgery in localized periodontitis and improve the inflammatory state of peri-implantation. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances in the application of platelet-rich fibrin in sinus floor elevation Lyu Huixin, Zhou Yanmin Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (2): 127-134.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.04.006 Abstract （237）      PDF （1322KB）（533）       Knowledge map    Save Sinus floor elevation is an effective procedure for addressing bone deficiency in the posterior maxillary region. To achieve an ideal three-dimensional osteogenesis model for the maxillary sinus (3D-OMMS), which involves coordinated bone formation along the maxillary sinus floor wall, Schneiderian membrane, and implant surface, improvements in surgical techniques combined with the rational use of biomaterials are required. Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) not only releases various growth factors but also modulates local immune responses and promotes the proliferation of various cells, including stem cells. By harnessing the beneficial osteogenic potential from both the bone wound and the maxillary sinus membrane, PRF plays an active role in the 3D-OMMS. Therefore, it is recommended to use PRF in maxillary sinus floor elevation surgery. This review summarizes clinical evidence indicating that PRF alone, PRF combined with other biomaterials, and PRF utilized with the "tenting effect" of implants to elevate the Schneiderian membrane can all achieve stable outcomes in sinus floor elevation. Additionally, it offers a summary and recommendations for clinical decision-making regarding the use of PRF in sinus floor elevation procedures. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Influence of different implant collar designs on marginal bone resorption: a Meta-analysis Wan Ke, Hao Junjiang, Su Hanqi, Su Yucheng Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (3): 275-280.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.06.012 Abstract （235）      PDF （1613KB）（505）       Knowledge map    Save Objective To systematically evaluate the effect of smooth and rough implant collars on marginal bone resorption. Methods A systematic search was conducted in Embase, PubMed, CNKI, and Wanfang databases from inception to June 2024. Two independent reviewers screened, analyzed, and assessed the relevant literature. Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.4 and Stata 15.0. Results Seven studies, involving 702 implants, were included. The meta-analysis showed that marginal bone resorption in the rough collar group was significantly lower than in the smooth collar group [ MD=0.34,95% CI (0.08,0.61), P<0.05]. Subgroup analysis showed that the advantage of the rough collar in preserving marginal bone was more significant when the implant placement duration was less than 12 months. Conclusion Based on the available data, the rough implant collar is more favorable for marginal bone preservation compared to the smooth collar. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Navigation-assisted digital surgical workflow for zygomatic implant-supported reconstruction of maxillary defects Su Guanyu, Wang Feng Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (3): 243-249.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.06.007 Abstract （235）      PDF （1660KB）（796）       Knowledge map    Save Maxillary bone defects severely compromise patients’ abilities to chew, speak, and swallow, and also significantly affect facial aesthetics. Traditional prosthetic rehabilitation and free flap reconstruction present inherent limitations in clinical practice. Zygomatic implant technology, by anchoring implants to the zygomatic bone, offers a novel approach for the functional and structural rehabilitation of maxillary defects. However, this technique involves complex craniofacial anatomical structures and demands high surgical precision and intraoperative stability. The clinical success of zygomatic implants largely depends on accurate preoperative planning and precise surgical execution. In recent years, the integration of digital technologies has greatly enhanced the accuracy and predictability of zygomatic implant surgery. This article systematically reviews the digital surgical workflow for managing maxillary defects with zygomatic implants, including multimodal imaging data acquisition and registration, prosthesis-driven implant planning, and the application of dynamic navigation systems and augmented reality technologies. Additionally, representative clinical cases are presented to illustrate the practical value of these digital technologies in zygomatic implant surgery for maxillary reconstruction. Looking ahead, with the continuous advancement of artificial intelligence and robotic-assisted surgical technologies, the degree of automation and intelligence in zygomatic implant procedures is expected to improve further, thereby promoting more personalized and precise solutions for maxillary defect rehabilitation. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical analysis of screw tenting technology in implant restoration of multiple missing teeth in the anterior esthetic zone Zhang Chuankai, Zhang Jiayuan, Cui Lingyun, Ye Yihan, Lin Haiyan, Chen Qingsheng Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (4): 349-355.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.08.004 Abstract （233）      PDF （1463KB）（466）       Knowledge map    Save Objective To use a retrospective clinical approach to analyze the clinical treatment effects of screw tenting technology in implant restoration of consecutively missing teeth in the anterior esthetic zone. Methods A total of 86 patients with consecutive anterior teeth esthetic area defects who were treated at the Implant Center of the West City Branch of Hangzhou Stomatology Hospital from December 2019 to December 2023 were included. They were divided into the experimental group (tenting screw technique + delayed implantation) and the control group (conventional guided bone regeneration technique + immediate implantation), with 43 cases in each group. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging data of patients were collected at the following time points: before bone augmentation, 6 months, and 12 months after bone augmentation, after implant placement, and 1 to 12 months after final restoration. The implant survival rate of the two groups was compared. Based on CBCT digital imaging data, the alveolar bone width at the alveolar ridge crest of the two groups of patients 6 months and 12 months after bone augmentation was measured respectively. Meanwhile, the esthetic status of the implant restorations immediately after restoration, 6 months after restoration, and 12 months after restoration was evaluated using the pink esthetic score, and the differences between the two groups were compared. Results The implant survival rate was 98.21% in the control group and 100.00% in the experimental group. The alveolar bone width at the alveolar ridge crest in the experimental group was higher than that in the control group at 6 months and 12 months after bone augmentation, with values of (7.69±0.42) mm and (7.22±0.40) mm in the experimental group, and (6.53±0.39) mm and (6.20±0.43) mm in the control group ( P=0.001). The pink esthetic score (PES) of the experimental group was higher than that of the control group at 6 months and 12 months after the final restoration, with scores of (10.72±1.42) and (9.95±1.34) in the experimental group, and (7.52±1.20) and (7.01±1.15) in the control group ( P=0.001). Conclusion The tenting screw technique can effectively ensure the survival rate of implants in the implant restoration of consecutive anterior teeth esthetic area defects. Its implantation effect is comparable to that of the guided bone regeneration (GBR) technique. In the implant restoration cases of consecutive anterior teeth esthetic area defects, the tenting screw technique can achieve better bone augmentation and restoration effects. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Peri-implant diseases based on microdysbiosis and intervention strategies Chen Gang, Zhao Xin, Zhong Fei, Gu Hongzheng Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (3): 296-304.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.06.015 Abstract （227）      PDF （1476KB）（739）       Knowledge map    Save Peri-implant disease is a chronic inflammation condition affecting the soft and hard tissues surrounding dental implants, primarily caused by bacterial infection. It is categorized into peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis. Oral microbial dysbiosis plays an important role that is characterized by alterations in microbial composition and function. In linking the pathogenesis of peri-implant diseases to microdysbiosis, current microbiome research faces several challenges: elucidating the molecular mechanisms driving the initiation and persistence of dysregulated microbiome structure, discerning causal host-microbiome relationships, and expounding secondary microbial changes during disease progression. In this review, we systematically classify dysbiosis from a conceptual perspective, outlining its immunological associations across category. We further elaborate on the causes of bacterial dysbiosis and analyze its potential impact on clinical treatment strategies. At the molecular level, understanding the origins, intrinsic regulatory mechanisms, environmental regulatory factors, and downstream effects of oral microdysbiosis may facilitate the development of microbiome-targeted therapies against peri-implant diseases. This research direction holds significant importance for promoting precision medicine in the context of peri-implant diseases. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of a KABP-based systematic oral health education program on postoperative care of dental implants in patients with periodontal disease Chen Shanshan, Wang Xue, Yuan Miao Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (3): 262-268.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.06.010 Abstract （224）      PDF （1592KB）（781）       Knowledge map    Save Objective To evaluate the effect of a KABP-based nursing model combined with systematic oral health education on postoperative care of dental implants in patients with periodontal disease. Methods A total of 96 patients who underwent oral implant restoration at the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from January to June 2022 were enrolled in this prospective study. Patients were randomly assigned to a control group ( n=48) and an intervention group ( n=48) using a random number table. The control group received systematic oral health education, while the intervention group received a KABP-based educational intervention. Outcome measures included peri-implan indices, cytokine levels (IL-8, IL-1β, TNF-α), disease knowledge awareness, compliance with professional oral maintenance, incidence of peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis, and patient satisfaction. Results Before the intervention, there were no statistically significant differences in peri-implant indices (BI, PLI, PD), cytokine levels (IL-8, IL-1β, TNF-α), or disease knowledge awareness between the two groups ( P>0.05). After the intervention, the peri-implant indices and cytokine levels were significantly lower in the intervention group compared to the control group ( P<0.05), while disease knowledge awareness and compliance with professional oral maintenance were significantly higher ( P<0.05). Additionally, the incidence of peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis in the intervention group was lower than in the control group ( P<0.05), and patient satisfaction with the restoration was higher in the intervention group ( P<0.05). Conclusion The application of a KABP-based nursing model combined with systematic oral health education can effectively improve peri-implant indices, reduce inflammatory cytokine levels, enhance disease knowledge awareness, improve compliance with professional oral maintenance, and increase patient satisfaction following dental implant therapy in patients with periodontal disease. Furthermore, it can decrease the incidence of peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Occlusal design of implant restorations Wang Qianchen, Cao Ye, Ge Yanjun Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (4): 399-404.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.08.012 Abstract （222）      PDF （1336KB）（647）       Knowledge map    Save Dental implant restoration is one of the primary methods for repairing dentition defects and edentulism, and its occlusal design is a critical factor influencing the restoration outcome and the implant success rate. Due to the differences in biomechanical properties between dental implants and natural teeth, the rational distribution of occlusal forces becomes a key issue in implant restoration design. This review begins with the differences between implant prostheses and natural teeth, analyzes the association between occlusal forces and peri-implant bone resorption, as well as mechanical complications, and summarizes the occlusal design principles for different types of implant restorations, aiming to provide references for clinical decision-making. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on the role and mechanism of the Wnt/Ca 2+/CaMKⅡsignaling pathway in osteogenic regulation and diabetic bone metabolism disorders Ding Jiaqi, Zhou Wenjuan Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (3): 305-311.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.06.016 Abstract （221）      PDF （1381KB）（902）       Knowledge map    Save Diabetes mellitus (DM), a prevalent chronic metabolic disorder, is closely associated with disrupted bone metabolic homeostasis, which can impair osteoblast function through various molecular pathways, ultimately leading to abnormal bone metabolism. Additionally, diabetic oxidative stress can severely impair the process of new bone formation, leading to compromised osseointegration of the implant and even implant failure. Among these pathways, the Wnt/Ca 2+/CaMKⅡ signaling axis plays a pivotal role in regulating osteoblast differentiation, bone matrix synthesis, and bone remodeling, all of which are essential processes in bone formation. This review systematically examines the impact of the Wnt/Ca 2+/CaMKⅡ pathway on bone metabolic homeostasis in diabetic conditions, with a focus on the molecular mechanisms underlying diabetic bone metabolism disorders. Furthermore, the review discusses the potential of the Wnt/Ca 2+/CaMKⅡpathway as a promising therapeutic target for managing diabetes-related bone lesions, providing novel insights into the intervention strategies for metabolic bone diseases and impaired osseointegration of dental implants in diabetic patients. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of injectable hydrogels in bone tissue regeneration Yang Yupu, Dong Zheqin, Yu Hongwei, Liu Yu, Wang Xiaohong, Wang Shengmiao, Lan Jing Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (4): 412-420.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.08.014 Abstract （219）      PDF （1329KB）（1343）       Knowledge map    Save With the development of bone tissue engineering technologies, novel biomaterials have gradually become a major research focus in the field of modern bone tissue repair. Injectable hydrogels, due to their excellent biocompatibility, high tunability, and drug-loading capacity, have increasingly emerged as important materials in bone tissue regeneration. This review summarizes the research progress on injectable hydrogels in bone tissue repair, with a particular focus on their application strategies in the field of bone tissue regeneration. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress in the construction of murine experimental model of peri-implantitis Sun Yuxin, Shi Bin, Wu Tao Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (3): 281-287.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.06.013 Abstract （214）      PDF （1369KB）（983）       Knowledge map    Save Peri-implantitis is one of the most intractable complications in dental implant treatment, which is also the key factor for implant failure. The construction of relevant animal experimental models that can accurately simulate the pathological features of peri-implantitis is crucial for in-depth exploration of its pathogenesis. This review systematically collates the research progress in recent years on the establishment of murine experimental models of peri-implantitis. The content encompasses the scientific selection of experimental animals, the application of innovative modeling methods, modeling time, the accurate evaluation of modeling outcome indicators, and an in-depth analysis of key factors such as success rate. The aim is to provide more comprehensive and accurate references for researchers in this field. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Experimental study of GO/ZnO/nHAp composite microspheres in repairing femoral condylar bone defects in rabbits Zhang Guoliang, Wang Jianguo, Zhang Hongyu, Zhang Shuangsheng, Wu Jiang Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (4): 331-340.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.08.002 Abstract （213）      PDF （2583KB）（584）       Knowledge map    Save Objective To evaluate the possibility of GO/ZnO/nHAp composite microspheres as bone regeneration materials, a critical bone defect model of the rabbit femoral condyle was established to access bone regeneration in vivo. Methods Composite microspheres were prepared by the ionic gel-drip method, and the prepared GO/ZnO microspheres, nHAp microspheres, and GO/ZnO/nHAp microspheres were implanted into three groups of experimental rabbit femoral condyle standard critical bone defect models, with a blank control group. The animals were killed in batches at 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks after the operation, and the samples were taken completely for evaluation. Gross observation, X-ray film, CBCT detection, qPCR, Western blot, hard histological section, and HE staining of liver and kidney pathology were carried out to explore the osteogenesis and osseointegration of implanted materials. Results At 4 weeks, 8 weeks and 12 weeks after operation, the results of X-ray, CBCT, qPCR and Western blot in the GO/ZnO/nHAp composite microsphere group were significantly better than those in GO/ZnO and nHAp microspheres group at the same time point. The comparison of the experimental results of the qPCR, Western blot and hard tissue section showed that there were statistically significant differences among the three microspheres in promoting bone formation ( P<0.05). Conclusion GO/ZnO, nHAp, and GO/ZnO/nHAp all have good biocompatibility and osteogenic activity. GO/ZnO/nHAp composite microspheres can effectively repair the bone defect of rabbit femoral condyle, and their in vivo bone conduction and bone induction properties are superior to GO/ZnO microspheres and nHAp microspheres, which have potential application value in bone defect repair materials. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on the influence of implant placement depth on peri-implant tissues Chen Li, Zhou Wenjuan, Liu Zhonghao Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (4): 393-398.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.08.011 Abstract （210）      PDF （1313KB）（390）       Knowledge map    Save Maintaining the stability of marginal bone levels and soft tissue around dental implants is essential for the long-term success of implant therapy. The relative position of the implant platform to the crest of the alveolar ridge plays an important role in marginal bone resorption and soft tissue attachment. Currently, the optimal implant placement depth is still controversial. This article intends to review the effects of different implant placement depths on crestal bone levels and soft tissue height. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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CBCT evaluation of maxillary sinus exostoses in dental implant patients Wang Yibo, Ding Chao, Zhuang Jiatong Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (3): 269-274.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.06.011 Abstract （209）      PDF （1512KB）（405）       Knowledge map    Save Objective To retrospectively investigate the parameters of maxillary sinus exostoses (MSEs) in a dental implant potients using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and evaluate its association with age and sex. Methods This study reviewed CBCT scans of the maxillary sinuses from 533 patients who underwent preoperative imaging for implant treatment at our hospital between July 2023 and April 2025. Data on MSE location, size, morphology, symmetry, presence of concurrent mucoperiosteal abnormalities, sinus septa, and demographic variables were collected. Statistical analyses included chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, and one-way ANOVA. Results Among 1,066 maxillary sinuses in 533 patients, MSE was identified in 74 sinuses of 59 patients, with bilateral occurrence in 15 patients (25.4%). Morphologically, 54.1% (40/74) were pearl-shaped, 35.1% (26/74) flat-shaped, and 10.8% (8/74) irregular-shaped. MSEs were predominantly located on the lateral wall (51.4%, 38/74) and sinus floor (43.2%, 32/74), with 5.4% (4/74) on the medial wall. Concurrent mucoperiosteal abnormalities were observed in 54.1% (49/74) of sinuses, sinus septa in 8 sinuses (10.8%), and multiple independent MSEs in 16.2% (12/74) of affected sinuses. The mean MSE size was (7.67±4.86) mm. No significant differences were found in MSE prevalence or location across sex or age groups ( P>0.05). Conclusion Most MSEs were solitary, unilateral, and located on the lateral wall or floor of the maxillary sinus without sinus septa. Approximately half were small, pearl-shaped lesions, and mucoperiosteal abnormalities coexisted in nearly half of the affected sinuses. No demographic correlations were observed, but significant variations existed in MSE morphology and size. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application research of YOLOv5s_CBCT model in measuring alveolar bone height and width in CBCT images of missing teeth Liu Wenqi, Wei Wenquan, Mo Hongbing, Shen Xiaorong, Zang Yixin Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (5): 429-439.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.10.002 Abstract （200）      PDF （2016KB）（273）       Knowledge map    Save Objective To explore the measurement value of the artificial intelligence model based on YOLOv5s (YOLOv5s_CBCT) for the height and width of alveolar bone at the location of missing teeth, and to provide a precise quantitative tool for preoperative planning of oral implants. Methods Based on the faster implementation of CSP bottleneck with 2 convolutions (C2f), and large selective kernel (LSK) modules, the C2f_CBCT and LSK_CBCT modules were constructed. Using modules and structures such as space-to-depth (SPD), ghost convolution (GhostConv), C3 with ghost convolution (C3Ghost) and bidirectional feature pyramid network (BiFPN), the YOLOv5s_CBCT model was proposed, and the test images were input into the YOLOv5s_CBCT model after training. The predicted average values of alveolar bone height and width for the four implant areas by the model were respectively obtained and error analysis was conducted. Bidirectional analysis of variance was used to explore the significant factors influencing the measurement results, and Bland-Altman consistency analysis and Tukey test were further adopted to strengthen and improve the conclusions of bidirectional analysis of variance. Results (1) Model comparison experiments showed that the proposed model achieved higher detection accuracy with fewer parameters and lower computational complexity. (2) The maximum average error of alveolar bone height detection in the four implant regions was 0.15 mm, and the minimum was 0.03 mm. The maximum average error of width detection was 0.26 mm, and the minimum was 0.10 mm. (3) The results of the two-way ANOVA indicated that the detection results of alveolar bone height and width were significantly affected by the implant region, but not by the measurement method. (4) Bland-Altman consistency analysis further demonstrated good agreement between manual measurements and model prediction. (5) The Tukey test identified the grouping of implant regions that had a significant impact on the measurement results. Conclusion The overall experimental results demonstrated that the measurement errors of the model were all within an acceptable range. The measurement results have high clinical reference value, and the proposed YOLOv5s_CBCT model can be conveniently deployed on medical instruments. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Accuracy of three digitally guided implant techniques for full-arch rehabilitation: an in vitro study Li Yue, Zhao Wenbo, Wang Yiming, Li Xinru, Zhou Libo Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology    2025, 30 (5): 421-428.   DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.10.001 Abstract （198）      PDF （1296KB）（229）       Knowledge map    Save Objective To compare the accuracy differences between magnetic sequential guides, mortise-and-tenon sequence guides, and dental implant robots in full-arch implantation, and to provide a reference for clinical application. Methods Thirty standardized mandibular full-arch models were selected and equally divided into three groups according to the implantation methods. Preoperative CBCT scans was taken for implant planning, and the three groups used the same plan for implant placement. Deviation analysis was performed based postoperative CBCT scanning. Results The dental implant robot group demonstrated the highest accuracy, followed by the magnetic sequential guide group, with the mortise-and-tenon sequential guide group showing the lowest accuracy. There was statistically significant differences among the three groups in terms of total deviation at the entry point, total deviation at the apex, and total angular deviation ( P<0.05). There were also statistically significant differences in the horizontal and depth deviations at the entry point and at the apex ( P<0.05). Conclusion Both the dental implant robot and magnetic sequential guide technology can achieve high precision in full-arch implantation. Clinicians can choose the appropriate method according to the specific situation. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics