Following maxillary posterior tooth loss, the residual bone height and width are often compromised due to maxillary sinus pneumatization and alveolar ridge resorption. The lateral window technique for sinus floor elevation is a common procedure to address vertical bone deficiencies in this region. Intraoperative mucoperiosteal perforation is the most frequent complication encountered, posing a challenge for every implant surgeon. This article reviews the diagnosis, causes, treatment strategies, and prevention of mucoperiosteal perforation during lateral window technique for sinus floor elevation, aiming to provide clinicians with practical insights for managing this complication.

The modified lateral window technique for sinus floor elevation using a mini-window is a minimally invasive approach derived from the traditional lateral window technique. This method reduces surgical trauma and enhances new bone formation in the maxillary sinus. Moreover, with the assistance of endoscopy, the surgical field in minimally invasive procedures can be improved, enabling timely detection and management of complications such as mucosal perforation. This article, drawing from evidence-based medicine and clinical cases, explains the mechanisms through which this modified technique promotes new bone formation in the maxillary sinus. It also highlights its clinical benefits, including reduced intraoperative and postoperative discomfort, such as pain, bleeding, and swelling. Furthermore, the article explores the methods and advantages of endoscopic assistance in sinus floor elevation.

Objective To explore the feasibility of implant placement during the early healing phase following the lateral window technique for sinus floor elevation (LSFE) by evaluating the osteogenesis effects and implant survival rates. Methods Patients with posterior maxillary edentulism and severe alveolar bone atrophy (VBH≤4 mm) requiring LSFE and delayed implant placement were recruited. LSFE was performed using deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) as the sole graft material. Patients were divided into four groups based on healing duration: 4~5 months, 6~7 months, 8~9 months, and ≥10 months. Bone biopsies were obtained from implant sites during the second-stage surgery. The primary outcome was the percentage of vital bone (VB%) in bone biopsies, and the secondary outcome was the 1-year implant survival rate. Results From September 2017 to December 2020, 146 patients (160 maxillary sinuses) underwent LSFE and delayed implantation, with 275 implants placed. Ninety-five complete bone biopsies were obtained. Three implants failed in two patients (all in the 4~5 months group), resulting in a cumulative implant survival rate of 98.91% (272/275). The implant survival rate in the 4~5 months group was 95.31% (61/64), which was lower than that of other groups (100%), but the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.18). Histomorphometric analysis showed that the proportion of vital bone increased slowly with longer healing durations, with a statistical difference observed between the ≥10 months group and the 4~5 months group (P=0.02). However, no statistical differences in the percentages of residual DBBM or non-mineralized tissue were found among the groups (P=0.23, P=0.81). Conclusion With prolonged healing time, the proportion of vital bone increased slowly. No significant differences were found in new bone formation between 4 to 9 months after LSFE, while a statistically significant increase was noted at ≥10 months compared to the 4~5 months group. These findings suggest that implant placement at 4~9 months post-LSFE provides comparable bone quality, with implantation at 4 months offering the benefit of a shorter treatment duration.

Objective To evaluate the impact of subantral residual bone height (SRBH) on implant survival rates during simultaneous implant placement with the lateral window technique for sinus floor elevation. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted on patients treated at Shenzhen U-Dental Clinic between April 2012 and April 2022. These patients, with insufficient bone volume in the maxillary posterior region, underwent the lateral window technique for sinus floor elevation with simultaneous implant placement using bovine-derived inorganic bone graft material. Secondary prosthetic restoration was performed 6 months postoperatively. Patients were divided into two groups based on SRBH: Group 1 (<3 mm) and Group 2 (≥3 mm). Postoperative complications, implant survival rates, and marginal bone loss were evaluated. Results A total of 124 patients underwent 136 maxillary sinus surgeries with 252 implants placed. The mean follow-up period was 58.1±15.8 months. Implant survival rates were 91.59% in Group 1 and 93.10% in Group 2, with no statistically significant difference between the groups. Sinus membrane perforation occurred in 27 cases (19.85%), but it was not significantly associated with implant failure. Conclusion Simultaneous implant placement with the lateral window technique for sinus floor elevation is an effective treatment for insufficient bone height in the maxillary posterior region. There is no significant correlation between SRBH and implant survival rates.

The loss of maxillary posterior teeth frequently leads to alveolar bone resorption and maxillary sinus pneumatization, resulting in a significant reduction in vertical bone height. The lateral window technique for sinus floor elevation involves creating a lateral window in the maxillary sinus and elevating the sinus membrane to achieve vertical bone augmentation in the posterior maxilla, thereby meeting the bone height requirements for implant placement. Digital technology has been widely applied to this procedure, effectively reducing surgical complications. This paper explores the application of digital technology-assisted LSFE in cases with oblique sinus floors, sinus septa, cysts, or foreign bodies, aiming to provide a reference for clinical practice.

This article introduces a surgical approach for the simultaneous management of maxillary sinus cysts and sinus floor elevation using the double-window technique. The first lateral window is created to elevate the Schneiderian membrane and establish space for bone augmentation. Once the membrane is fully elevated and remains intact, a second small lateral window is created above the first to remove the cyst. The two windows are separated to prevent contamination of the graft material by the cystic contents. Additionally, a conservative surgical approach for the palliative treatment of sinus cysts is presented. Three representative cases are described to demonstrate specific techniques and surgical methods.

This study provides a comprehensive review of the development, technological advancements, and both the current and future trends of the lateral window technique for sinus floor elevation in clinical applications. lateral window technique for sinus floor elevation is a surgical procedure performed in cases of insufficient alveolar bone height in the posterior maxillary region by elevating the Schneiderian membrane via a lateral window and filling it with bone substitute materials to support dental implants. Although this technique provides excellent surgical visibility and operational flexibility, it is associated with considerable trauma and potential complications. Advances in minimally invasive techniques and the application of digital technologies have significantly improved the precision and safety of lateral window technique for sinus floor elevation procedures. This study also discusses the challenges and solutions for simultaneous implantation in cases of low residual bone height. Finally, the article points out that despite the obvious advantages of the lateral window technique for sinus floor elevation, careful handling of technical details is required in practical operations to ensure high success rates and surgical safety. Future studies need more clinical data to further verify the impact of different technical parameters on surgical outcomes, in order to provide both scientific guidance and valuable reference for clinical practice.

Objective This study investigates the effect of different sandblasting parameters on the surface roughness of medical-grade Grade 4 pure titanium, aiming to provide reference data for optimizing SLA(sandblasted, large-grit, acid-etched) surface characteristics. Methods Alumina particles were used in an orthogonal experimental design to analyze the effects of particle size, pressure, distance, and time on the surface roughness average (Ra) of Grade 4 pure titanium. Range analysis and variance analysis were performed to evaluate the impact of each parameter. Results The surface roughness with Ra value of 1.083~2.494 μm can be obtained within the range of factor levels in this experiment. The lowest surface roughness (Group A) was achieved with 100-mesh particles, 0.2 MPa pressure, a distance of 50 mm, and a duration of 60 seconds. The highest surface roughness (Group B) was observed with 60-mesh particles, 0.4 MPa pressure, a distance of 100 mm, and a duration of 15 seconds. Conclusion Within the range of parameter levels examined in this study, surface roughness decreased with increasing particles size and blasting time, while it increased with higher pressure and longer blasting distance.

Objective To investigate the short-term clinical outcomes of immediate implantation and delayed implantation following alveolar ridge preservation for single-tooth loss in the aesthetic zone. Methods A total of 90 patients with single-tooth loss in the aesthetic zone requiring implant restoration were selected from January 2021 to September 2022 at the Implant Department of Zhengzhou Zhide Stomatology Hospital. Based on the use of alveolar ridge preservation and timing of implantation, the patients were divided into two groups: the immediate implantation group (n=45) and the alveolar ridge preservation group (n=45). The immediate implantation group underwent the immediate implant placement and restoration, while the alveolar ridge preservation group received delayed implantation after ridge preservation, followed by immediate restoration. Alveolar bone-related parameters, inflammatory markers[C-reactive protein (CRP) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α)], aesthetic outcomes[pink esthetic score (PES) and white esthetic score (WES)], and patient satisfaction were analyzed and compared between the two groups. Results After 6 months of implant restoration, both groups showed reductions in alveolar bone height, width, and density compared to baseline (P<0.05); however, the immediate implantation group exhibited higher values than the alveolar ridge preservation group (P<0.05). One month post-restoration, CRP and TNF-α levels increased in both groups compared to baseline (P<0.05), but levels in the immediate implantation group were significantly lower than in the alveolar ridge preservation group (P<0.05). After 6 months of permanent restoration, the immediate implantation group demonstrated superior outcomes in lip-side gingival contour, gingival height, soft tissue color, texture, and PES total scores compared to the alveolar ridge preservation group (P<0.05). Similarly, crown profile, surface texture scores, and WES scores were higher in the immediate implantation group (P<0.05). Patient satisfaction regarding gingival attachment height, aesthetics, and masticatory function was also higher in the immediate implantation group (P<0.05). Conclusion Both immediate implantation and delayed implantation following alveolar ridge preservation are effective for treating single-tooth loss in the aesthetic zone. However, immediate implantation demonstrates greater advantages in improving alveolar bone quality, oral aesthetics, inflammation responses, and patient satisfaction.

Adequate attached gingiva around implants is essential for maintaining the long-term success of implant restoration. Clinically, free gingival grafts are widely recognized as the gold standard for augmenting peri-implant attached gingiva, but there is no clear consensus regarding the optimal timing of surgery. This study explores two approaches for attached gingiva augmentation in the posterior mandibular region: prior to implant placement and simultaneously with implant placement. Both approaches demonstrated favorable outcomes. In the latter approach, a digital surgical guide was used to facilitate simultaneous implant placement and attached gingiva augmentation without flap elevation, resulting in predictable outcomes, fewer surgical interventions, reduced patient discomfort, and enhanced clinical efficiency. These findings provide a valuable reference for similar cases in clinical practice.

In clinical practice, implant-supported fixed prostheses are considered a reliable treatment option for patients with tooth loss. However, for patients facing tooth loss due to periodontitis, traditional approaches suggest that an implant plan should only be made after soft tissue healing to avoid the potential negative effects of residual inflammatory tissue from tooth extraction. With advancements in technology, immediate implant placement has gained increasing attention as a way to enhance treatment outcomes and shorten the treatment cycle, provided periodontal infection is well controlled. Several studies have already explored this approach. This article summarizes the literature and analyzes current research on immediate implant treatment in patients with tooth loss due to periodontitis following periodontal initial therapy. The relevant experiences are summarized to help standardize clinical practice.

Implant-supported full-arch fixed restorations have become an important treatment for potentially edentulous jaws with severe periodontitis. The advent of immediate implantation has dramatically shortened the treatment period of patients, and digital guides allow for precise, efficient and minimally invasive immediate implant surgery. However, there are few clinical reports on full-arch immediate implantation using digital guides in patients with severe periodontitis. In this review, the application of different digital guides in full-arch immediate implant placement for patients with severe periodontitis is discussed and summarized.

The accuracy of impressions is closely related to the passive fit of complete-arch implant-supported prostheses, which significantly affects their long-term outcomes. Conventional open-tray impression techniques have been recognized for their high accuracy in full-arch implant restorations and are still regarded as the gold standard. However, with the ongoing advancements in digital technology, stereophotogrammetry (SPG) has been introduced for digital impression-making in complete-arch implant cases. Compared to the traditional open-tray technique, SPG offers advantages such as reduced chair time, increased patient comfort, and a simplified workflow. Despite these benefits, the accuracy of SPG remains a topic of debate. This article reviews the principles and methods of SPG, its in vivo and in vitro applications, and factors influencing impression accuracy, to provide a reference for further development of SPG in implant dentistry.

Maxillary sinus floor elevation has become a routine procedure for addressing insufficient bone volume in the atrophic posterior maxilla. Various bone grafting materials, including autologous bone, allografts, xenografts, and synthetic bone substitutes, have been used to achieve adequate bone augmentation for dental implant placement. Concentrated growth factor (CGF), a new generation of platelet concentrate, features a dense fibrin structure enriched with multiple growth factors that regulate cell adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, and angiogenesis. This review focuses on the effects of CGF on implant success rates, the quality of newly formed bone, and the incidence of postoperative complications in maxillary sinus floor elevation procedures.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are nanoporous materials synthesized through the self-assembly of metal nodes and organic ligands. They are characterized by their highly ordered porosity, tunable pore size, large specific surface area, and diverse structures. With the advancements and applications of MOFs in the biomedical field, an increasing number of researchers have introduced MOFs into dental medicine for research. New MOFs have been tailored or developed based on the characteristics of the oral environment and diseases for use in oral disease treatment. The most commonly used MOFs in dentistry primarily include zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) and zeolitic imidazolate framework-67 (ZIF-67). The structure and function of MOFs are suitable for treating oral diseases, and they have shown promising results in researches related to periodontal disease, oral and maxillofacial tumors, dental pulp disease, and dental implants. However, their effectiveness still requires further validation through clinical trials.

Objective To investigate the effectiveness of applying Bloom’s Taxonomy in the standardized training of oral implantology residents and evaluate its impact on the knowledge, skills, and clinical practice abilities of the trainees. Methods A total of 33 residents who completed a clinical rotation in the oral implantology department from January to July 2023 were selected as the control group (traditional teaching mode), while 31 residents who rotated in the same department from January to July 2024 were selected as the experimental group (Bloom's Taxonomy-based teaching). Data were collected one month before the completion of the training program, including knowledge tests, skill assessments, and evaluations of clinical performance, to assess the teaching effectiveness of both approaches. Results Residents trained with Bloom’s Taxonomy demonstrated significant improvements in both theoretical assessments and practical skill operations. The experimental group showed a notable increase in theoretical knowledge (control group score: 34.97±3.26, experimental group score: 42.32±3.42, P<0.001) and enhanced ability to apply clinical case analysis (control group score: 39.24±2.56, experimental group score: 43.03±2.36, P<0.001). Moreover, the experimental group performed better in medical history collection, clinical examination, treatment planning, medical record documentation, and procedural skills (control group total score: 74.13±5.08, experimental group total score: 80.77±6.10, P<0.001). Conclusion The application of Bloom's Taxonomy positively enhances the standardized training of implant dentistry.