Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology

Strive steadily and reach far, together we forge the future

Su Yucheng

2025, 30(1): 1-2. DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.02.001

Asbtract ( 44 )

PDF (1382KB) ( 33 )

Related Articles | Metrics

Preface for the key column“3D printing individualized titanium mesh”

Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Oral Implantology

2025, 30(1): 3-4. DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.02.002

Asbtract ( 56 )

PDF (1536KB) ( 71 )

References | Related Articles | Metrics

Causes, prevention and treatment of titanium mesh exposure after 3D printing individualized titanium mesh supported guided bone regeneration

Su Yucheng, Ren Bin

2025, 30(1): 5-12. DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.02.003

Asbtract ( 130 )

PDF (1665KB) ( 204 )

References | Related Articles | Metrics

3D printing individualized titanium mesh serves as a space maintenance device, effectively creating and maintaining osteogenic space, reducing intraoperative time and the difficulty of surgery. It is a reliable bone augmentation solution for various types of alveolar ridge bone defects. However, during clinical application, postoperative titanium mesh exposure is the most common complication and requires clinicians' attention. This article elaborates on the causes, prevention, and treatment of postoperative titanium mesh exposure in guided bone regeneration supported by 3D-PITM, with the aim of providing clinical reference.

Static mechanical analysis of individualized titanium mesh for restoring extensive mandible alveolar bone defects

Wang Huaisheng, Han Zekui, Zang Yixin, Song Zhenyu, Song Yihan, Sun Zihui, Wang Xinyu

2025, 30(1): 13-18. DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.02.004

Asbtract ( 54 )

PDF (2724KB) ( 28 )

References | Related Articles | Metrics

Objective To investigate the biomechanical effects of varying retention pin numbers and positions on 3D printed individualized titanium mesh used for restoring extensive bone defects through finite element analysis. Methods A digital model of extensive bone defects in the mandible was constructed. Virtual bone augmentation was performed using 3-Matic 15 and Geomagic Wrap 2021 software, followed by the design of individualized titanium meshes. Five models with different retention pin numbers and positions were analyzed: (A) four retention pins (buccal mesial, buccal median, mandibular ramus, and lingual side); (B) three retention pins (buccal mesial, buccal median, mandibular ramus); (C) two retention pins (buccal mesial, buccal median); (D) two retention pins (buccal mesial, mandibular ramus); (E) two retention pins (buccal median, mandibular ramus). Finite element analysis models were constructed to evaluate the displacement and stress distribution of the titanium meshes in each group. Results Titanium mesh with four retention pins exhibited the smallest overall displacement (maximum: 0.088 mm), effectively protecting the internal bone graft material. The mesh with three retention pins showed relatively uniform displacement on the buccal side and alveolar ridge crest; however, the absence of lingual-side retention pins resulted in larger displacements, concentrated in the distal lingual area (maximum: 0.263 mm). In the three models with two retention pins, when the pins were located at the buccal mesial and median, the absence of retention pins in the distal regions led to increasing displacement as the distance from the pins increased, with a maximum displacement of 3.255 mm. In the model with retention pins at the buccal mesial and mandibular ramus, the long span of the titanium mesh caused downward deformation in the central section under load, with the deformation gradually decreasing toward both ends, while the free mesial end experienced upward buckling forces, resulting in a maximum displacement of 0.728 mm. In the model where the pins were located at the buccal median and mandibular ramus, the longer mesial cantilever beam led to significant deformation closer to the mesial end, with the maximum deformation reaching 3.823 mm. Titanium meshes with four retention pins and those with pins at the buccal mesial and median exhibited uniform stress distribution without notable stress concentrations. Meshes with three retention pins showed stress concentrations on the buccal side and around the retention pins. For meshes with pins located at the buccal mesial and mandibular ramus, or at the buccal median and mandibular ramus, stress was concentrated around the two pins. Maximum stresses for models A, B, C, D and E were 183.29, 451.30, 722.22, 904.84 and 1462.40 MPa, respectively. Conclusion Increasing the number of retention pins reduces the displacement of individualized titanium mesh under load. For the same number of retention pins, their positions significantly influence mesh displacement.

Comparison of bone augmentation effects between digital titanium mesh and resorbable collagen membrane: a retrospective study

Li Songhang, Cai Xiaoxiao

2025, 30(1): 19-26. DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.02.005

Asbtract ( 48 )

PDF (1736KB) ( 32 )

References | Related Articles | Metrics

Objective To evaluate the clinical outcomes of bone augmentation using digital titanium mesh versus absorbable collagen membrane. Methods From January 2019 to December 2020, 24 patients with Terheyden type 2/4 or 3/4 bone defects were treated at the Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology. These patients were divided into two groups: the absorbable collagen membrane group (12 cases) and digital titanium mesh group (12 cases). Both groups underwent guided bone regeneration with absorbable collagen membrane and digital titanium mesh as barrier membranes, respectively. The two-dimensional and three-dimensional measurements of alveolar bone were taken at four time points: pre-surgery (T₁), post- surgery (T₂), before second-stage surgery (T₃), and one year after loading (T₄), to evaluate hard tissue stability. Results Both the absorbable collagen membrane group and the digital titanium mesh group achieved excellent bone augmentation outcomes after surgery. The average single-tooth augmentation was 354.43 mm³ (330.04, 403.93) in the absorbable membrane group, and in the digital titanium mesh group, it was 368.98 mm³ (320.90, 441.61). Although the labial bone in the absorbable collagen membrane group was thicker than in the digital titanium mesh group at T₂, after the healing and loading periods, the digital titanium mesh group exhibited thicker labial bone at all measurement points. Both in the short-term healing and long-term functional phases, the resorption of the labiolingual bone in the digital titanium mesh group was lower than in the absorbable collagen membrane group. Additionally, the digital titanium mesh group showed superior bone preservation results in terms of three-dimensional volume. Conclusion Digital titanium mesh offers superior bone augmentation effects compared to absorbable collagen membranes. It maintains a stable osteogenic space during the early healing phase and exerts a positive influence during the loading phase.

Clinical outcomes of 3D printing individualized titanium mesh for severe alveolar bone defects: a retrospective series

Xiong Zhenjie, Wei Yongxiang, Liu Qian, Chen Yaxin, Guo Xueqi, Ji Ruotong, Su Hanfu, Zou Yaokun, Wang Liping

2025, 30(1): 27-34. DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.02.006

Asbtract ( 44 )

PDF (1959KB) ( 32 )

References | Related Articles | Metrics

Objective To analyze the clinical outcomes and accuracy of 3D printing individualized titanium mesh (3D-PITM) in the treatment of severe alveolar bone defects. Methods This study involved 30 patients who underwent 3D-PITM supported guided bone regeneration (3D-PITMs GBR) at the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University starting in February 2020. All patients signed informed consent and underwent surgery followed by regular postoperative follow-up. Individualized titanium meshes were fabricated using 3D printing technology, with preoperative virtual design and planning. Patients were followed for 6 to 8 months postoperatively, and clinical outcomes, as well as two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) imaging data, were collected and analyzed. Results Among the 30 patients, 4 experienced titanium mesh exposure, yielding an incidence rate of 13.33% (95% CI: 4.30%~22.36%). However, none of the patients experienced postoperative infections. During the 6-to 8-month follow-up period, implant sites achieved satisfactory bone augmentation in both horizontal and vertical dimensions. Imaging measurements revealed significant increases in alveolar bone width and height at 6 to 8 months postoperatively compared to preoperative values (P<0.05). Postoperative bone augmentation volume also demonstrated significant improvement (P<0.05). Furthermore, there were no statistically significant differences in alveolar bone changes between preoperative virtual planning and postoperative measurements (immediate and at 6 to 8 months) , indicating that 3D-PITM provides predictable bone augmentation outcomes. Conclusion 3D printing individualized titanium mesh effectively supports bone regeneration, achieves a high degree of matching with the defect site, and ensures the stability and effectiveness of newly formed bone. The 3D-PITM technique demonstrates high precision in restoring severe alveolar bone defects. Although complications such as titanium mesh exposure may occur, appropriate management can prevent the adverse impact on subsequent restoration outcomes. 3D-PITM is clinically valuable for restoring complex alveolar bone defects, providing reliable postoperative predictions and optimizing surgical planning.

Progress in pseudo-periosteum formation under titanium mesh assisted guided bone regeneration

Yang Minxue, Li Dize, Chen Tao

2025, 30(1): 35-39. DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.02.007

Asbtract ( 31 )

PDF (1429KB) ( 29 )

References | Related Articles | Metrics

In addressing complex bone defects, titanium mesh, as one of the non-absorbable barrier membranes, plays a key role in space maintenance. After surgery, a dense fibrous connective tissue, known as pseudo-periosteum, often forms on the surface of the newly formed bone. This tissue can be categorized into three types based on its thickness. The formation of the pseudo-periosteum is closely associated with the use of titanium mesh, and its formation remains unavoidable even with the use of 3D printing individualized titanium mesh. The factors influencing the formation of the pseudo-periosteum are not yet fully understood, but may be include variables such as micromotion of the titanium mesh and pore size. In clinical applications, the pseudo-periosteum has certain value in soft tissue augmentation and protection of new bone, but some researchers argue that it may occupy bone-forming space, and whether it should be retained remains controversial. Currently, the formation mechanism, anatomical and histological characteristics, clinical value, and retention controversies of the pseudo-periosteum have not been comprehensively and systematically elucidated. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the formation, histological characteristics, clinical applications, and retention controversies of the pseudo-periosteum under titanium mesh, with the goal of offering guidance and reference for clinical practice.

Exploration of the clinic application of dental post-processing module of cone beam CT images within the picture archiving and communication system (PACS)

Zheng Hao, Pan Xiao, Lin Zitong

2025, 30(1): 40-46. DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.02.008

Asbtract ( 29 )

PDF (1523KB) ( 6 )

References | Related Articles | Metrics

Objective To explore the clinical application of a dental post-processing module for cone beam CT (CBCT) images embedded within the picture archiving and communication system (PACS) for preoperative implant evaluation. Methods A PACS-embedded dental post-processing module, including curved planar reformation (CPR) and continuous multi-axis dental reconstruction, was developed. A total of 270 CBCT images from implant patients in our hospital (scanned using three different CBCT systems, 90 cases per system) were analyzed by a radiologist for bone volume assessment. Method1 used CBCT digital imaging and communication in medicine (DICOM) data uploaded to PACS, applying the embedded dental post-processing module for reconstruction and measurement. Method2 utilized CD-ROM data exported from each CBCT device along with the corresponding built-in image processing software. The durations of image upload, opening, post-processing, and total time for both methods were recorded and statistically analyzed. Consistency in bone volume measurements was assessed, and a questionnaire on user satisfaction was completed by 10 radiologists and implantologists. Results Significant differences in image processing times were observed between the two methods for all three CBCT systems. Method1 significantly reduced total processing time compared to Method2 (P<0.001), with consistent bone volume measurement results between the two methods. User satisfaction surveys indicated that Method1 was superior to Method2 (P<0.001). Conclusion The PACS-embedded post-processing module is suitable for CBCT image analysis and measurement in implant patients, significantly enhancing clinical efficiency.

Effect of acid pickling pretreatment on the microstructure and corrosion resistance of Ti-6Al-4V alloy

Zhao Yujia, Liu Qiqi, Qiu Lin, Hao Junjiang, Su Hanqi, Han Zekui, Wang Xinyu, Su Yucheng

2025, 30(1): 47-53. DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.02.009

Asbtract ( 46 )

PDF (1846KB) ( 22 )

References | Related Articles | Metrics

Objective To evaluate the changes in the microstructure and corrosion resistance of Ti-6Al-4V alloy after different acid pickling pretreatments and to determine the optimal pickling method for titanium alloys used as implantable biomaterials. Methods The microstructure, hydrophilic properties, and corrosion resistance of machined Ti-6Al-4V alloy samples pickled with HF+H₂SO₄, HF+HNO₃, and HF solutions were analyzed using contact angle measurements, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and electrochemical tests. Results 1. Pickling rates varied among the three solutions: HF+H₂SO₄ (0.088 μm/s), HF+HNO₃ (0.064 μm/s), and HF (0.097 μm/s). 2. All groups exhibited characteristic α+β phase microstructures, with a higher proportion of β phase observed in the HF+HNO₃ and HF groups compared to the HF+H₂SO₄ group. The HF group also displayed hydride phases. Optical microscopy revealed the least pitting corrosion in the HF+HNO₃ group. 3. Corrosion resistance testing in simulated body fluids showed the following order of self-corrosion potential: control group > HF+HNO₃ group > HF+H₂SO₄ group > HF group. Conclusion HF+HNO₃ pickling produced Ti-6Al-4V alloy samples with smooth surfaces, a contact angle of 47.63°±2.40°, a weight loss rate of 1.11%±0.08%, and uniform removal of organic impurities and oxide films. The C/Ti and O/Ti ratios were reduced to 0.047±0.001 and 0.040±0.008, respectively. This treatment achieved higher corrosion resistance, with a self-corrosion potential of -0.676V. HF+HNO₃ is recommended as the preferred pickling solution for producing implantable Ti-6Al-4V alloys with superior corrosion resistance and a clean, uniform surface.

Study on the osteogenic and antimicrobial properties of PEEK modified with a Ce-Ag-ZnO composite coating using PEI as a carrier

Dai Yating, Han Zekui, Ru Xiaona, Lyu Yuguang, Li Bing, Gao Shijun

2025, 30(1): 54-61. DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.02.010

Asbtract ( 33 )

PDF (2285KB) ( 9 )

References | Related Articles | Metrics

Objective This study aimed to utilize polyetherimide (PEI) as a carrier to coat a Ce-Ag-ZnO composite layer, enhancing the osteogenic and antibacterial properties of polyetheretherketone (PEEK). Methods Ce-Ag-ZnO composite powder was dissolved in a PEI solution and applied to PEEK via spin coating to form a uniform and stable coating. Three groups were established: the blank group (PEEK), the control group (PEEK+PEI), and the experimental group (PEEK+PEI+composite powder). The surface morphology, hydrophilicity, phase composition, element release, and coating adhesion were analyzed. The osteogenic potential of the samples was assessed using CCK-8, live/dead cell staining, cytoskeletal staining, ALP activity quantification, alizarin red staining, and quantitative reverse transcription PCR. The antibacterial efficacy was evaluated through bacterial colony counting. Results The Ce-Ag-ZnO composite powder was successfully coated onto the PEEK surface with a uniform distribution, allowing for controlled release. The experimental group exhibited significantly enhanced hydrophilicity (P<0.001). On the 7th day, the experimental group showed superior MC3T3-E1 cell proliferation (P<0.001), with well-spread pseudopodia and clear adhesion. Alizarin red staining demonstrated pronounced mineralization. The modified PEEK significantly upregulated ALP activity (P<0.001) and the expression of osteogenic genes, including Runx2, BMP-2, OPN, and OCN (P<0.001). The experimental group also exhibited the lowest bacterial adherence (P<0.001). Conclusion The composite coating on the PEEK surface enhanced its biocompatibility, osteogenic potential, and antibacterial properties, thereby optimizing the surface performance of PEEK implants.

Expression and clinical significance of matrix metalloproteinase-7 and -8 in the peri-implant mucosal sulcus fluid of patients with peri-implantitis

Wang Fenying, Li Jing, Xu Xue

2025, 30(1): 62-67. DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.02.011

Asbtract ( 20 )

PDF (1539KB) ( 6 )

References | Related Articles | Metrics

Objective To analyze the levels of matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) and MMP-8 in peri-implant mucosal sulcus fluid and their correlation with periodontal clinical indexes, as well as to evaluate their prognostic significance in patients with peri-implantitis (PI). Methods 72 patients with PI in our hospital were selected as the PI group, and another 50 peri-implant healthy individuals were selected as the control group. The levels of MMP-7 and MMP-8 in the peri-implant mucosal sulcus fluid were detected and compared between the two groups. Their correlation with periodontal clinical indexes in PI patients was analyzed. Then, PI patients were divided into a good prognosis group (n=49) and a poor prognosis groups (n=23) according to the acute physiology and chronic health evaluationⅡ (APACHEⅡ) score. Peri-implant mucosal sulcus fluid MMP-7 and MMP-8 levels were compared between the two subgroups, and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyze their predictive efficacy of these markers for poor prognosis in PI patients. Results The modified plaque index (mPLI), modified sulcus bleeding index (mSBI), probing depth (PD), and levels of MMP-7 and MMP-8 in the peri-implant mucosal sulcus fluid in the PI group were significantly higher than the control group (all P<0.05). Correlation analysis showed that peri-implant mucosal sulcus fluid MMP-7 and MMP-8 levels were positively correlated with mPLI, mSBI, and PD (r>0, P<0.05). The peri-implant mucosal sulcus fluid MMP-7 and MMP-8 levels in the poor prognosis group were higher than those in the good prognosis group (all P<0.05). ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the curve (AUC) for the peri-implant mucosal sulcus fluid MMP-7 and MMP-8 levels in predicting poor prognosis in PI patients was 0.712 and 0.786, respectively. The AUC for the combination of MMP-7 and MMP-8 in predicting poor prognosis was 0.823, which was significantly higher than that for MMP-7 alone (Z=2.067, P=0.039). Conclusion MMP-7 and MMP-8 levels in the peri-implant mucosal sulcus fluid are closely related to periodontal clinical indexes in PI patients and have significant predictive value for poor prognosis.

Comparison of the effectiveness of different abutments combined with all-ceramic crowns for the restoration of anterior tooth loss in patients

Zhao Weiju, Yao Shubin, Wang Yating

2025, 30(1): 68-73. DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.02.012

Asbtract ( 32 )

PDF (1466KB) ( 10 )

References | Related Articles | Metrics

Objective To compare and analyze the effectiveness of individualized all-ceramic abutments versus individualized pure titanium abutments in combination with all-ceramic crowns for the restoration of anterior tooth loss. Methods Clinical data from 76 patients (85 missing tooth sites) with anterior tooth loss, treated at Jinshui Huici Hospital from October 2022 to August 2023, were retrospectively collected for a case-control study. Patients were divided into two groups based on the treatment method: the pure titanium group (38 patients, 41 missing tooth sites), which received individualized pure titanium abutments combined with all-ceramic crowns, and the all-ceramic group (38 cases, 44 missing tooth sites),which received individualized all-ceramic abutments combined with all-ceramic crowns. The health status of the dental implants, including the peri-implant soft tissue index and plaque index (PLI), was evaluated at different time points (1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after treatment). Additionally, quality of life was assessed before and 6 months after treatment using the oral health impact profile-14 (OHIP-14), and the satisfaction with the prosthetic restoration was measured using the red aesthetic score (PES) and white aesthetic score (WES). The incidence of complications was also compared between the groups. Results Repeated measures analysis of variance showed a significant difference in the interaction effects of peri-implant soft tissue index and PLI between the two groups at different time points (P<0.05). Analysis of the time effect indicated that both groups showed an increasing trend in the soft tissue index and PLI at 3 and 6 months after treatment (P<0.05). Group effect analysis showed that the soft tissue index and PLI were lower in the all-ceramic group than in the pure titanium group at 3 and 6 months after treatment (P<0.05). At six months after treatment, the quality of life in both groups improved, and the OHIP-14 score in the all-ceramic group was lower than in the pure titanium group (P<0.05). Satisfaction with the prosthetic restoration, as measured by PES and WES, was also significantly higher in the all-ceramic group than in the pure titanium group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of complications between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion Compared with individualized pure titanium abutments, the use of individualized all-ceramic abutments combined with all-ceramic crowns in patients with anterior tooth loss results in better soft tissue health around the implant, improved quality of life, and higher patient satisfaction with the restoration.

Autonomous dental implant robot (ADIR) combined with bone condensing drills used for transcrestal maxillary sinus elevation simultaneously implant placement: a case report

Chen Na, Chen Tao, Huang Yuanding

2025, 30(1): 74-80. DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.02.013

Asbtract ( 48 )

PDF (2106KB) ( 35 )

References | Related Articles | Metrics

A patient who underwent extraction of the upper left first molar due to crown-root fracture three months ago requested implant restoration. CBCT examination revealed insufficient residual alveolar bone height and low bone density at the edentulous site. In this case, an autonomous dental implant robot, combined with an bone condensing drilling kit, based on machine vision and a force servo control system, was used to simultaneously perform bone condensing, transalveolar maxillary sinus floor elevation, and implant placement under the precise guidance of the robotic arm. During surgery, there was no perforation of the maxillary sinus membrane, and the implant initial stability was excellent, with errors at the platform and apex less than 1mm and angular error less than 2°. There were no complications such as postoperative maxillary sinus infection. A follow-up CBCT examination six months after the operation showed good osseointegration of the implant, with a height increase of the maxillary sinus ranging from 3 to 5 mm, a volume increase of 291.47 mm³, and an IST value of 77. The second stage, including gingivoplasty, implant restorative impression, and final upper prosthetic restoration, was completed following standard procedures. This case presents a digital guidance method for implant surgery using an autonomous dental implant robot for sinus floor elevation, Bone condensing, and implant placement in cases of posterior maxillary tooth loss with low bone density and insufficient vertical bone volume.

A case report on dental implant surgery for a patient with severe gag reflex and multiple tooth loss

Xu Xinghuanyu, Yang Yanlan, Xu Pu, Yu Dou, Lu Liying

2025, 30(1): 81-85. DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.02.014

Asbtract ( 37 )

PDF (2441KB) ( 58 )

References | Related Articles | Metrics

This study aims to share the clinical experience of performing dental implantation in patients with severe gag reflex, providing a reference for the treatment of similar patients. The patient was maintained in a 45° sitting position, and medicated rinsing, local anesthesia, and nerve block anesthesia were used in combination to facilitate the procedure. A user-friendly implant system was employed during the surgery. The severe gag reflex was successfully suppressed, and the dental implant placements were completed smoothly. Postoperative CBCT confirmed proper placement of the implants, and follow-up visits showed satisfactory wound healing. For patients with severe gag reflex, medicated rinsing can effectively reduce discomfort and facilitate successful dental implantation.

The characteristics of nisin and its application in peri-implantitis: a review of recent research

Wang Yu

2025, 30(1): 86-90. DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.02.015

Asbtract ( 32 )

PDF (1723KB) ( 8 )

References | Related Articles | Metrics

Peri-implantitis is one of the main causes of implants failure. Nisin is a bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus, which exerts bacteriostatic effects by forming pores in bacterial cell membranes. Nisin has been shown to effectively inhibit the pathogenic bacteria associated with peri-implantitis, demonstrating its potential for use in the treatment of this condition. This review article discusses the characteristics of nisin and the research progress on its application in peri-implantitis.

Application of probiotics in the management of peri-implant diseases

Li Meiqi, Sun Xiaolin, Wang Lin

2025, 30(1): 91-96. DOI: 10.12337/zgkqzzxzz.2025.02.016

Asbtract ( 33 )

PDF (1434KB) ( 10 )

References | Related Articles | Metrics

Peri-implant diseases are chronic inflammatory conditions caused by microbial dysbiosis, primarily manifesting as soft tissue inflammation and supporting bone destruction, which can lead to implant loss. Due to their high prevalence and complex etiology, these diseases have emerged as significant public health concerns. Current treatments mainly rely on traditional methods such as mechanical debridement and antibiotic therapy; however, these approaches have notable limitations. In recent years, probiotics have garnered attention as an emerging biological therapy due to their potential to regulate the microbiome and immune response, showing promise in the prevention and treatment of peri-implant diseases. This review provides an overview of the current applications of probiotics in peri-implant diseases, analyzes their mechanisms of action, and summarizes existing clinical research findings. The goal is to provide new insights for improving treatment outcomes in peri-implant diseases, ultimately aiming to offer patients a more comprehensive oral health management strategy.

Table of Content